LIBRARY OF CONGRESii. 

if;np.-_.. . (icpiinrjift 1^0. 



UNITED STATES OF A3IERICA. 



\ 



State of New York. 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

IISEK BV TIIK 

MewYrr^^ f'+.^Ve) DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 

'1 

IX THE 

UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS 

FOR 

COMMISSIONEHS' CERTIFICATES, 



COMPLETE PROM 



SEPTEMBER 3, 1887, TO MAY 4, 1889, 



SUBJECTS, GRADES AND DATES ARRANGED IN ORDER ; AND REGULATIONS 
GOVERNING THE EXAMINATIONS, ALSO ALL QUESTIONS AND 
ANSWErI used in the COMPETITIVE EXAMINA- 
TIONS FOR SCHOLARSHIPS IN 



'^^ _j^' ; C O R N E L L U N I V E R S I T Y , 



NORMAL SCHOOL ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS, 
During the Years 1887, 1888 and 1889. 




ALBANY, N. Y. 

WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY, 



1 



A^ 



,,,--. fT 



(U 



Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-nine. 

By weed, PAKSONS AND COMPANY, 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at VVashington. 



WEED, PARSONS AND COMPAXT, 
P R I N T K K S AND E L E C T R () T T P E R S, 
ALBANY. X Y. 



PREFACE. 



This volume contains all the questions used in the Uniform Examinations for 
Commissioners' Certificates, under the regulations prescribed by the State Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction of the State of New York, from the adoption of the 
system (September 3, 1887), to May 4, 1889. Answers are also given as furnished by 
the State Superintendent. There are also given all questions used at the competitive 
examinations for Cornell State Scholarships during the years 1887, 1888 and 1889, 
under the amended law of 1887, with all answers to the same. Also all Normal 
School entrance examination questions from September, 1887, to February, 1889. 

All the regulations governing the Uniform Exa-minations, from the adoption of 
the system, are given in full. 



CONTENTS. 



UNIFORM Examination Questions. 

PAGE. 

Regulations ■ vii 

Algebra 2 

American History and Civil Government , . . . 8 

American History 10 

Arithmetic 24 

Bookkeeping 48 

Civil Government 52 

Composition 68 

Current Topics 74 

Drawing 86 

General Questions ; 88 

Geography 90 

Grammar 108 

Methods 140 

Physics 142 

Physiology and Hygiene 144 

School Law 162 

Examinations for State Scholarships in Cornell University. 

Algebra 168 

Arithmetic 170 

Geography 172 

Geometry 174 

Grammar 180 

Physiology 182 

Normal School Entrance Examinations. 

Arithmetic 186 

Geography 188 

Grammar 191 



GENERAL REGULATIONS. 



I. 

REGULATIONS 
GOVERNING UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS, 

HELD 

September 3, October 1, November 5 and December 3, 1SS7. 



Applicants for first grade licenses must have bad two years' successful experience in the school- 
room, and must attain at least eighty per cent upon arithmetic, grammar and geography, and not 
less than seventy per cent upon each of the other subjects. All questions in every paper a])ply to 
first grade licenses. 

Applicants for second grade licenses must have had one year's successful experience in the 
school-room; must attain a general average of at least seventy per cent, and must not fall below 
sixty per cent in arithmetic, grammar and geography. All questions in every paper, exceptina 
school law and algebra, apply to second grade licenses. 

Questions printed in italics, only, apply to third-grade licenses. Candidates must attain a geu- 
eral average of si.\ty per cent, and must not fall below fifty per cent in arithmetic, grammar and 
geography. 

There may be rare and exceptional cases in which commissioners may find it necessary, in 
small and weak districts, where the assessed valuation falls below §;12,000, to give temporary 
licenses, not exceeding six months in duration, to persons not strictly meeting the requirements 
for the third grade. In no case, however, should any license be granted where the applicant fails 
to attain a general average of fifty per cent in the common-school branches, nor should Ihese 
temporary licenses be extended. If, before the expiration of one of them, the holder cannot pass 
the examination for a third grade certificate, he should undertake other employment. 

Orthography will be marked from the papers as a whole; penmanship from the paper in 
grammar. 

The whole examination is to be given in one day, commissioners making such arrangements 
therefor as their convenience may determine respectively. 

For third grade certificates, the subjects are: 1, arithmetic; 2, geographv; 3, grammar; 4. 
physiology ; 5, general questions. 

For second grade, the same, with 0, American history and civil government; 7. methods. 

For first grade, the preceding, with 8, school law ; 9, algebra. 

The number of credits to which a perfect answer entitles each applicant is i)rinted after each 
question. It will be seen that sixt;' credits represent a perfect paper of the third "-rade; one 
hundred credits, of the first and second grade. 

(See Regulations II, III and IV.) 

VII 



General Regulations. 



REGULATIONS II. ■ 

hsued December 5, 1SS7. 

Same as Rcgulatious IV, published January 1, 18S9, except following paragraphs which were 
amended by subsequent regulations: 

4. Certificates of the third grade shall be issued for a term of six months, shall be limited to a 
particular school or grade, and shall in no case be issued to the same person more than twice. 

13. Candidates for certificates of the second grade shall be exempt from examination in any 
subject in which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cent on examination for a cer- 
tificate of the third grade. 

15. Candidates for certificates of the first grade shall be exemp from examination in any sub- 
ject in which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cen on the examination held by 
the State Department for a State certificate. 

17. School commissioners may, in their discretion, supplement the written examinations by oral 
questions, or demand a higher percentage than above required, or refuse to admit a candidate to 
the examination, or to grant him a certificate after he has attained the required standing. 

(See Regulations IV.) 

REGULATIONS III. 

Issued July 16, 1SS8. 

Same as Regulations IV, published January 1, 1889, except following paragraphs, which were 
amended by subsequent regulations : 

4. Certificates of the third grade shall be issued for a term of six months, shall be limited to a 
particular school or grade, and shah m no case be issued to the same person more than twice. 
The candidate may take the examination at any appointed time, but certificates shall be issued 
only after the candidate shall have made an engagement to teach, approved by the school com 
missioner. The certificates shall be dated when issued; but not more than one year shall inter- 
vene between the examination and the issuance of the certificate. 

13. Candidates in the second and third grade examination shah be exempt from examination in 
any subject in which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cent in any previous ex- 
amination held not more than six months before. CSee No. 14, Regulations IV.) 

17. Candidates for certificates of the first grade shall be exempt from examination in any sub- 
ject in which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cent on the examination held by 
the State Department for a State certificate. (See No. 18, Regulations IV.) 

29. Special or additional examinations are at all times to be discountenanced. The circum- 
stances must be extraordinary to justify an application for one. (See No. 80, Regulations IV.) 

(See Regulations 1V^) 

REGULATIONS IV. 

Issued January 1, ISSO. 
1. Grades of Certificates. 

1. Teachers' certificates issued by school commissioners shall be of three grades — first, second 
and third. 

2. Certificates of the first grade shall be issued for a term of five years. On their expiration, 
from time to time, these certificates may be renewed at the discretion of the school commissioner, 
without re-examination. 

3. Certificates of the second grade shall be issued for a term of two years, and shall be renewed 
onl}' upon re-examination. 

4. Certificates of the third grade shall be issued for a term of six months, shall be limited to a 
particular school or grade, and shall in no case be issued to the same person more than twice. The 
candidate may take the examination at any appointed time or place, but a certificate shall be 

VIII 



General Regulations. 

issued only after the candidate sliall have made an engagement to teach, approved by the school 
commissioner. If, after passing an examination, a candidate engage to teach within the jurisdic- 
tion of another commissioner, the answer papers shall be transferred to said commissioner upon 
his requisition. The certificates shall be dated when issued ; but not more than one year shall 
intervene between the examination and the issuance of the certificate. 

5. In addition to the foregoing schoo" commissioners may grant temporary- licenses for a time 
not exceeding six weeks, in cases where public convenience may seem to require it, and applicants 
shall present satisfactory reasons for not havini; been present at a regular examination. 

II. QUALIFICATIO.NS OF CaNDID.\TES. 

I. Expe)-ience. 

6. Candidates for certificates of the first grade must have taught successfully for at least two 
years. 

7. Candidates for certificates of the second grade must have taught successfully for at least one 
term of not less than twelve weeks. 

II. Educational requirements. 

8. Candidates for certificates of the third grade shall be required to pass an oral examination in 
reading and a written examination in arithmetic, composition, geography, grammar, orthography, 
penmanship and physiology and hygiene. 

9. Candidates for certificates of the second grade shall be required to pass au oral examination in 
reading and a written examination in the subjects required for certificates of the third grade, also 
in American history, civil government, current topics and elementary drawing,* from copies and 
from objects. 

10. Candidates for certificates of the first grade shall be required to pass a written examina- 
tion in the subjects required for a certificate of the second grade with exception of reading; also 
in algebra, book-keeping, elements of ph^-sics, methods and school law. 

11. The questions in written examinations for certificates of the second and third grades 
shall be the same so far as the subjects are the same, the difference in educational qualifications 
for these grades being determined by the difference in the standings attained. 

12. Candidates for certificates of the third grade must attain a standing of at least sixty per 
cent in arithmetic, geography, grammar and orthography, and an average standing of at least 
sixty per cent in ah the other subjects. 

13. Candidates for certificates of the second grade must attain a standing of at least seventy- 
five per cent in arithmetic, geography, grammar and orthography, and an average standing of at 
least seventy-five per cent in all the other subjects. 

14. Candidates in the second and third grade examination for their first certificate in either of 
said grades, shall be exempt from examination in any subject in which they have attained a stand- 
ing of seventy-five per cent in any previous examination held not more than six months before. 

15. For certificates of the first grade, separate examinations shall be held, and candidates 
must attain a standing of at least seventy-five per cent in arithmetic, geography, grammar and 
orthography ; and an average standing of at least seventy-five per cent in all the other subjects. 

16. All candidates for certificates of the first grade who attain the required percentage in any 
one of the designated subjects, but not in all, will be credited for those studies in which they shall 
have passed, and a partial certificate to this effect will be given by the school commissioner. On 
passing the required percentage in the remaining designated subjects at the next subsequent ex- 
amination of the first grade, they will receive the regular certificate of that grade. 

17. Candidates undertaking the first grade examination and failing to attain the standard re- 
quired for a certificate in that grade, may be given a certificate in the second or thii'd grade, pro- 
vided the percentages attained are as high as required in that grade; but no credits obtained in a 
second or third grade examination, shall be allowed in an examination for a first grade certificate. 

18. Candidates for certificates of any grade shall be exempt from examination in anj- subject in 
which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cent on the examination held by the State 
Department for a State certificate. 

* Drawing will be a required subject for certificates of the first and second grades on and after 
November 26, 1SS9. 

TX 



GrENERAL REGULATIONS. 

19. No paper that shows a standing of less than fifty per cent shall be accepted in examinations 
for certificates of any grade. 

20. School commissioners may, in their discretion, supplement these examinations with other 
questions, demand a higher percentage than above required, or refuse to admit a candidate to the 
examination, or to grant him a certificate after he has attained the required standing. 

III. Marking. 

21. The standings shall be marked on the basis of the marginal numbers placed after the several 
questions, a portion of credits being allowed on any answer or process that admits of division, 
shows knowledge of principles, or gives an essential part of the information called for. 

22. In marking standings in orthography both spelling and use of capital letters should be re- 
garded. No candidate whose papers show more than twenty-five mispelled words ought to receive 
a certificate in any grade. 

1\'. Times for Examinations. 

23. Examinations for certificates of the second and third grades shall, unless omitted in the 
discretion of the commissioner, be held in each commissioner district on the first Saturday each 
of January, February, March, April, May, September, October and November,* and on the second 
Tuesday each of March, August and September. Examinations for certificates of the first grade 
shall begin on the second Tuesday each of March and August, and continue two days. Examina- 
tions for certificates of any grade shall not be held upon any other date than those above enume- 
rated, except by direction of the State Superintendent. 

V. Indorsement of Certificates. 

24. Certificates of the first and second grades shall be valid in any commissioner district of the 
State when indorsed by the school commissioner of the district. 

\'l. Records of Examinations. 

25. All answer papers submitted by candidates shall be indorsed in ink by the school commis- 
sioner, with the standing attained, and placed on file in his oflice, subject to the order of the 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

20. Records of all examinations shall be kept by the commissioner in a book provided for that 
purpose, which shall be delivered to his successor in oflice. 

VII. Forms of Certificates. 

27. Blank certificates will be prepared and issued for the use of the commissioners by the De- 
partment of Public Instruction of the forms which have been prescribed. 

VIII. Places of Examinations. 

28. Commissioners shall give due notice of the places of examinations and the hour at which they 
will begin. 

20. Commissioners should publish a permanent schedule indicating the place at which each 
examination during the year will be held, which should be so arranged as to meet the convenience 
of the entire district. It is advisable that examinations of the same date in succeeding years 
should be held at the same place. 

30. Examinations shall be held in but one place in any school commissioner district upon any 
given date. 

Statement of Candidate. 

31. Before entering upon examination, candidates will be required to fill out a copy of the fol- 
lowing : 

Full name 

Home P. 

Age 

* The examination scheduled for first Saturday in November, lS8'.t, has been changed to last 
Tuesday in November. 

X 



GrENEKAL REGULATIONS. 

Successful experience in teaching terms. 

References as to moral character 



Last certificate 

Grade Date 

Issued by 

Have held second grade certificates. 

Have held third grade certificates. 

Have held temporary license. 

Am exempt from examination in 



Copies of the above form will be supplied by the Department. 

Program for Second and Third Grades 

32. Examinations for certificates of the second and third grades will be held according to the 
following program : 

.\. M. — Arithmetic, geography, civil government, drawing. 

p. M. — Composition, grammar, physiology and hygiene, reading, American history, current 
topics. 

Program for First Grade. 

33. Examinations for certificates of the first grade will be held according to the following pro- 
gram : 

Tnesday. 
A. M. — Arithmetic, geography, drawing, 
p. M. — Composition, grammar, physiology and hygiene, civil government. 

Wed/iiesday . 
A. M. — American history, algebra, current topics, book-keeping, 
p. M. — School law, elements of physics, methods. 

Notes. 

1. Penmanship will be judged from the papers on geography, and orthography from all of the 
papers. 

2. Twenty-five per cent of the credits of papers on composition will depend upon the general 
excellence of all papers submitted with reference to neatness, order and punctuation. 

3. In the solution of problems, every process must be indicated. Mere answers will not be 
accepted. 

4. The examinations in each subject will be restricted to the half-day designated in the pro- 
gram. 

5. Collusion between candidates or any other act of dishonesty will wholly vitiate their exami- 
nation. 

6. Answer papers should be written in ink, arranged and filed in good order. 

7. Questions to be used in these examinations, together with the answers thereto, will be issued 
by the Department, and forwarded to school commissioners in sealed envelopes; these will bejirst 
opened in the presence of the class, at the time /or the examination. 

8. Answers will be furnished to commissioners, — the envelope containing the same not to be 
opened until the close of the examination. 

9. Candidates must supply themselves with necessary material, and, to secure uniformity, legal 
cap paper will be used. 

10. Books for records of examination will be furnished to school commissioners by the Depart- 
ment. 



State Superiiitcndent. 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 



USED BV THE 



DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC IXSTRUCTIOX, 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS 



COMMISSIONERS' CERTIFICATES, 



COMPLETE FROM 



SEPTEMBER 3, 1887, TO MAY 4, 1889. 



State of New York. 
uniform ex a mi n a tion q ues tions. 

ALGEBRA. 

1st Grade, ..-.-. September 3, 1887. 

1. Give and explain briefly the principal signs used in Algebra. 20 

2. Required, in its simplest form, the quotient : 

4a (a- — x"^) _ ffl^ — ax qq 

3i(c' — x^) ~ he + hx 

3. Expand {a—b)\ 20 

4. What fraction is that, such that if the numerator and denominator be each 

increased by 1, the value is i; but if each be diminished by 1, the 
value is 1 ? 20 

0. What two numbers are those, whose sum is 41, and the sum of whose squares 

is 901 ? 

1st Grade, October 1, 1887. 

1. Define co-efficient, polynomial, and exponent. 20 

2. Expand {a~b)K 20 

3. Factor a-'m— 9 am^. 20 

4. Divide $183 between two men, so that 4 of what the first receives shall be 

equal to ^ of what the second receives. 20 

5. A person loaned $100,000, a pai-t of it at 5 per cent, and the balance at 4 per 

cent; his annual interest on the whole was $4,640. Required the two 

parts of the principal. 20 

1st Grade, ..-.-- November 5, 1887. 

1. By what signs are the terms of an algebraic expression of quantity separated? 20 

^ ^ a^+Za'^x+Zax^+x^ . •. , ^ ^ on 

3. Reduce r, 5 to its lowest terms. '*'J 

^. Expand {y—^f. 30 

4. Divide a^ +Qa'>x'^ +xl^ by a'^ + 2ax-\-x'^. 20 

5. The product of two numbers is 45, and the difference of their squares is 56. 

Required, the numbers. 20 

1st Grade, ..---. December 3, 1887. 

1. Reduce to a mixed radical quantity \/\2diX^ 4s*. 20 

2. Express in the form of a radical quantity the product of ^ Yx multiplied by 

4 Vr 20 

3. Find tiie value of the unknown quantity in the equation x"+2x — 44-f 



V'a;^+2x— 44=42. 20 

4. Given .T^-t- 7/3=1 89, and x-i-y-=9, to find the values of x and y. 20 

5. Resolve x^ — y^ into four factors. 20 

2 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

ALGEBRA.— Answers. 

1st Grade, --.... September 3, 1887, 

1. The principal signs used in Algebra are the following : =, -t-, — , x, -=-, ( ), >. 
y. Each sign represents certain words, and is used to express the various 
operations in the clearest and briefest manner. 

^ 4(^+.e) . 
^- %{c-x) 

3. a?—'7a%+'2\a^¥—Zoa*¥+^5a"¥—'i\a-^h''+1a¥—hy 

4. f. 

5. 15 and 26 



1st Grade, --.... October 1, 1887. 

1. A co-efficient is a number or letter prefixed to a quantity, to denote how many 
times the quantity is taken. A polynominal is an algebraic quantity consisting 
of more than one term An exj^ouent is a number written above and to the 
right of a quantity, to show how many times the quantity is taken as a factor. 

3. am(a'— 3m)(rt''-l-3TO). 

4. 1,— $63; 2,— $120. 

5. $64,000 and $36,000. 



-ax+x 



1st Grade, 

1. By the signs -i- and — . 

a'^+%ax+x" (a+x)" 

2. — , — ror 

a- — ax+x- 

4. «■• — 2rt.'C+a;'. 

5- ± 9 and + 5 ; or ± V— 25 and ±_ V —^\- 



^ , 5?/4 20w3 

"^3 27 



5?/' 2y 1 

27 ~"81 ^ 729" 



November 5, 1887. 



1st Grade. _ - - • 

1. 4.r^ v'2^, 

2. 4^;s- 

3. a'=8. 

4. a;=5 or 4 ; ^=4 or 5. 

5. i^+y) {x—y) {■i'-—-'(y+y^) (x'^+xy+y^). 



December 3, 1887. 



5. 


Prove that — a' 




— a 




a'^ + h a — 1> 


6. 


A^ ^ 3 =• 


7. 


«■" ^ a' _ ^ 




yZ • yi 



State of New York. 
uniform e x a m 1 na t i o y q it e st to n s. 

ALGEBRA. 
1st Grade, - . . - March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Define Algebra. Define an equation. 10 

2. State the axiom that applies to the transposition of a term from one member 

of an equation to the other. 10 

(a) When the term is a positive quantity ; 

(b) When the term is a negative quantity. 

3. Explain tlie diflFerence between tlie two algebraic expressions, a + and 

J •'■ 10 

X 

4. Show that — y (m — ■v)^(x — in)t/. 10 

10 
10 

10 

8. Find the value or the unknown quantity in the equation ^ "^ ^ ~ ^^ — j. ^^ 

9. Find two numbers whose sum is 40 and whose difference is 16. Give full 

solution. 10 

10. A boatman who can row 12 miles per hour in still water, is 7 Iwurs in row- 
ing to a certain point up the river, and 5 hours in returning. At what 
rate per hour does the river flow ? Give full solution. 10 

1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. Subtract — 2a from 5rt, and explain tlie process. 10 

■r—7 

2. Keduce ox-)-4 — ., to an improper fraction. 10 

3. In general, what is the efTcct of a minus sign before a dividing line when we 

clear of fractions ? 10 

4. Resolve ahv'- — ahij'' into its prime factors. 10 

5. State the methods of eliminating one of two unknown quantities by com- 

parison. 10 

G. By the above method find tlie values of x and // in tlie equations 4.r— 3//='^ 

and 5x+4>/=h. 10 

7. Find two numbers, such that if J, of the greater be added to ?, of the less, 

the sum will be 13; and if \ of the less be subtracted from ^- of the 
greater, tiie remainder will be nothing. 10 

8. Expand (2« +?>)■'' by the binomial theorem. 10 

and 10. ;Make and reduce an affected quadratic equation, to illustrate one 
method of completing the square in order to find the values of the unknown 
quantity. 20 

4 



State of New York. 

D EPA li T MENT OF PUB LI C INS T li V OTION, 

ALGEBRA.— Answers. 
1st Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. No answer required here. 

2. (rt) If equals be subtracted from equals, the remainders will be e(]ual. 
{b) If equals be added to equals, the sums will be e(iual. 

3. In the expression a -+- the (juotient of h — c divided by x is to be added 

1, c 

to a\ and in the expression (t the quotient of h — c divided by .r is to 

be subtracted from a. 

4. — yy.(m — x)^ — my-\-xxj\ and ( — m+x)y=(x — m)i/. 

5. — a^-h-i-n''^ — a'-\ but the minus sign before the divisor sliows that the quo- 

tient, — «^ is to be subtracted; and — ( — «-)=+a' or a". 

w • 

a 

r* 

I . • 

?/ 

8. a.-=25|3. 

9. Let .r=the greater number, and 40==.r the less. 

.T— (40— i)=16 
2.r_40=16 

3.r=16+40 
T=38, the greater number, and 
40—28=12, the less number. 
10. Let ./• miles = the rate per hour the river flows. 

7x12 mi. — 7x mi.= distance up the river; and 
5 X 12 mi. 4-5.1; mi.^= distance down the river. 
7 X 12— 7.?;=5 x 12+5.7!. 
12.r=24, and .r=2^2 mi. per hour. 

1st Grade, ------ May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. la. Explanations will vary. 
8.C+19 

3. All the signs in the numerator of the fraction must be changed. 

4. ah(x+s) (x — i). 

5. Find the value of the s.ame unknown quantity in terms of the other in each 

equation; place these values equal to each other, and reduce. 

3?/+ a h — 4?/ Aa+Sh Ah— 5a 

Q. -^"^ 7 — ; :?'= — :r-^ ; from whicli, x= — wi — ; i/= — oi — • 

7. ri'=18, and 2/=12. 

8. Sa^+12a"-l>-hCi.iI>-+h\ 

9 and 10. i^xamples and methods will vary. 

5 



State of New York. 
uni f ohm examina tion q vest jons. 

ALGEBRA. 
1st Grade, , . - . - August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. What are similar terms ? Write an equation made up of sucli terms. 10 

2. To what is the square of the sum of two quantities equal ? 10 

3. Show that (a) the zero power of any quantity is equal to 1, (b) any quantity 

having a negative exponent is equal to the reciprocal of the same quantity 
with an equal positive exponent. 10 

4. Factor 3^—i/i finding three factors. 10 

■p qj f^^ Q/y 

5 Given — + — = 1, and ?- = c, to find values of x and y. 10 

c c a — 

6. Given x — 3y==a, and x+4^y='b, to find x and y. 10 

7. Expand (3a+2c)\ by tlie binomial theorem. 10 

8. Extract the cube root of x^—Zx^+^x^—Zx—l. 10 

9. Given a!'- + 3.i'=10, to find the values of x. 10 
10. Given x+y=^, and x'^y+xi/=^Z^, to find the values of x and y. 10 

1st Grade, > . . - - March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. How does algebra differ from arithmetic? 10 

2. What are the terms of an algebraic expression ? 10 

3. Define axiom, and give one in common use in algebra. 10 

4. Divide a* — ¥ by a + ft. 10 

.18a;— .05 

5. Given 1.2a;— ^ = .4a;+8.9 to find x. 10 

.0 

6. What fraction is it which becomes equal to 3^ when its numerator is in- 

creased by 6, and equal to ;^ when its denominator is increased by 2 ? 10 

7. Expand {x — yY. 10 

8. Find the sum of | 4/T"and | ^^; 10 

3.3 8 

9. Given x ^—^ == 2, to find x. 10 

10. Extract the square root of a;* — ^xy+Qx+^y"^ — 12y-i-9. 10 

6 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

ALGEBRA.— Answers. 
1st Grade, ..... August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. Terms made up of the same letters having the same exponents, as 2«^4-5a-=7a''. 

2. The square of the first, plus twice the product of the first into the second, plus 

the square of the second. 

3. Proof, --7=rt'2-2=a'':— 5" =1; hence by Ax. a''=l. 

n'- -"'^ __ 1 1 

Proof, — -=(-<» '-3=«- i;—T — — : hence a — '^ — 

4. x*—y*={x'+y') {x^—i/)==={x-^+i/) (x+y) (x—y). 

ay U 

5. x= -^— , and ?/= t- 

'' a+b 

4*+35 l — a 

6. a= — ^ — , and y= ~y-- 

7. 27a^+54ah+dQac'+ScK 

8. x^—x—l. 

9. .r=2 or —5. 
10. .^=3 and y=2. 

1st Grade, ----- March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Algebra is the science which treats of quantity as exjDressed by letters, figures, 

oj- a combination of both ; while Arithmetic is the science of number alone. 

2. The divisions connected by the signs plus and minus. 

3. An axiom is a self-evident truth. 
Answers to the last clause may differ. 

4. a^—a^h+ab^—¥. 

5. 20. 

7. cc' — 5x^i/+10x^y^ — 10x''y^+5xy^—^'\ 

8. UV«- 

9. 2 or i. 
10. x—2y+3. 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TION QUESTIONS. 
» 

AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
2d Grade, ...... September 3, 1887. 

Note. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for tlie four examinations in this 
subject held in 18S7 : 

1st Grade. — All questions in every subject apply to first grade licenses. 

Sd Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, apply to second 
grade licenses. 

Snl Grade. — Questions j)nnted in italics only, appply to third grade licenses. — See Regulations. 

1. Name three discoverers in the employ of the Spanish, English and French 

respectively, giving a discovery of each. 15 

2. What were the leading events in the French and Indian "War ? 15 

3. What causes led to the Revolutionary War ? 20 

4. Comment upon the relative position of the United States to-day among the 

great jjowers of the world. 15 

5. Name the legislative branches in the National and State Governments. 10 

6. Name the members of the President's cabinet, and the title of each. 15 

7. What is tariff? 10 

2d Grade, ...... October 1, 1887. 

1. What do the following dates suggest: 1497, 1534, 1541, 1565, 1607, 1609, 

1620, 1623, 1651, and 1765 ? 20 

2. How did we acquire Louisiana? When? From whom? 10 

3. What was the principle of the "Monroe Doctrine?" 10 

4. ilention a prominent battle of (a) the French and Indian War; (b) the Revo- 

lutionary War; {c) the War of 1812; {o) the Mexican War, and (e) the War 

of the Rebellion. 10 

5. With what jury would a bill of indictment originate, and what jury would try 

the criminal? 10 

6. How are U. S. Senators elected? Mention a State officer elected in the same 

manner? 20 

7. Mention six distinct purposes for which the Constitution of the U. S. was 

adopted. 20 

2d Grade, ...... November 5, 1887. 

1. (a) Who discovered the Mississippi river? {V) tlie Hudson river? 15 

2. Name the tribes of the Six Nations in their order of location from east to west. 15 

3. Mention five of the principal events of the Civil War. 10 

4. Name the highest court and also the lowest courts of the State of New York. 10 

5. How many persons comisrise a trial jury in a court of record ? 10 
G. Explain what is meant by impeachment in the clause of the Constitution, 

" shall have the sole power of impeachment." 20 

7. What is meant by the veto power? 20 

8 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

AMERICAN HISTORY, CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 
2d Grade, - - - - - - September 3, 1887. 

1. Columbus — Touched first at one of the Bahama Islands. 

''To Castile and Leon 
Columbus gave a new world." 
JaquesCartier — River and Gulf o* St Lawrence. 

John Cabot — Labrador. Cabo* discovered the western continent almost 14 months before 
Columbus sighted the mainland. (Bancroft.) 

2. Braddock's defeat; expulsion of the Acadiaus ; capture of Louisburg; battle of Lake George; 

attack on Ticonderoga; evacuation of Ticonderoga and Crown Point; capture of Quebec. 

3. (1.) American training in self-government. 

(2.) The attempted exercise ot unconstitutional authority by Great Britain, (a) Writs of 
assistance. (6) The Stamp Act. (c) Quartering of troops in towns, {d) The tea tax. 
(e) The withdrawal of the right of self-government. 

(3.) The punishment inflicted by England upon the colonies for their remonstrance. 

4. The United States is the leading republic of the world. Natural resources, geographical posi- 

tion, and character of population under a representative government place her in the fore- 
most rank among the great powers of the world. 

5. National — Senate and House of Representatives. State — Senate and Assemblv. 

6. Bayard, secretary of state; Fairchild, secretary of the treasury; Endicott, secretary of war; 

Whitney, secretary of the uavy; Vilas, postmaster-general; Garland, attorney-general; 
Lamar, secretary of the interior. 

7. A list or table of duties or customs imposed by government, to be paid on goods imported or 

exported. 

2d Grade, * - . . . . October 1, 1887. 

1. 1497, Cabot's discovery of the American continent ; 
1534, Cartier's discovery of the St. Lawrence river; 
1541, De Soto's discovery of the Mississippi river ; 
1565, Settlement of St. Augustine by the Spaniards under Melendez; 
1607, Settlement of Jamestown by the English ; 
1609, Henry Hudson explored the river that now bears his name; 
1620, Landing of Pilgrims or Puritans at Plymouth, Mass.; 
1623, Actual settlement of New York by the Dutch; 
1651, Navigation Act passed. (Enforced m 1660.) 
1765, Stamp Act passed. 

*2. Purchased from France in 1803. 

3. "The American continents are henceforth not to be considered subjects for future colonization 

by any European power." 

4. (a) Quebec; (b) Saratoga; (c) New Orleans; ((/) Buena Vista; {e) Gettysburg. 

5. Grand jury; petit jury. 

6. By joint ballot of the Legislature. Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

7. 1. To form a more perfect union ; 2. To establish justice; 3. To insure domestic tranquilitv; 

4. To provide for the common defense ; 5. To promote the general welfare ; 6. And to secure 
the blessings of liberty to ourselves and onr posterity. 

2d Grade, ------ November 5, 1887. 

1. (a) Fernando De Soto. (6) Hendrik (or Henry) Hudson. 

2. Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Seuecas, and Tuscaroras. 

3. The capture of Fort Sumter; the battle of Bull Run; the battle of Ge'tysburg; the draft 

riots in New York city, and the Emancipation Proclamation, etc. 

4. The Court of Appeals is the highest court, and Justices' Courts are the lowest. 

5. Twelve. 

5. An impeachment is a formal presentation of charges against an olUcial for misconduct iu ottice, 

made by the lower branch of a legislative body. 
7. The power of a chief executive officer to negative a law passed by a legislative body. 

9 



State of New York. 

UNI F OEM EXA JTINA T/OIf QUESTIO NS. 

AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2d Grade, -.-..- December 3, 1887. 

1. Name some of the important inventions that have been made by Americans. 10 
3. Name tlie two chief commanders of the American forces during the ^Mexican 

War 10 

3. What were the prime causes of the War of 1813? Who was President during 

that war? 30 

4. Who discovered Florida, and why was the country so named ? 15 

5. What is meant by " a Congress of the United States ? '' 15 

6. How are judges of the United States Supreme Court choseu? What is the 

length of their term of office ? 15 

7. When does the House of Representatives elect a President ? How does it 

vote ? 15 

Note. — The subject of American History aud Civil Government was divided after tlie examina- 
tion of December 3, 1887. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 



1st Grade. . . . . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Of what nationality was De Soto ? What discovery did he make ? 10 

2. Why was Virginia thus named, and where was its first settlement ? 10 

3. In what colony and in what year was slavery introduced into the United 

States ? 10 

4. Who was William Penn ? What State did he found ? 10 

5. Give the names of three persons prominent in inciting the colonists to rebel 

against England. 10 

6. Name four distinguished generals who afterward became Presidents of the 

United States. 10 

7. What was the Emancipation Proclamation ? When and by whom was it 

issued ? 10 

8. "With wliat nation have we a treaty restricting immigration ? 10 

9. Name two distinguished foreigners who assisted the colonists during the 

Revolutionary War. 10 

10. Give a brief sketch of the life of (a) Lincoln; (h) Seward. 10 

1st Grade. -.-.--• May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. During what war was "Braddock's defeat" ? Where ? 10 

2. Mention two tilings for which Benjamin Franklin is noted. 10 

3. In what city aud in what building was the Declaration of Independence 

signed ? 10 

10 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

AMERICAN HISTORY, CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

2d Grade, ...... December 3, 1887. 

1. No answer required. 

3. Geu. Winfield Scott, and Gen. Zachariah Taylor. 

3. The impressment of American seamen by the British; the right to search Amer- 

ican vessels, claimed by the British government, and denied by the American ; 
and the severe restrictions placed upon American commerce, by the British 
government. James Madison. 

4. Ponce De Leon. From its beautiful foliage and blossoming trees, (Florida, 

n\esimng floicery.) 

5. The members of the House of Representatives are chosen every even year for the 

term of two years, and each such term is called "a Congress.'' 

6. They are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. During life 

or good behavior. 

7. When no candidate has received a majority of the electoral vote of the United 

States. It votes by States, each State being entitled to one vote. 



AMERICAN HISTORY— Answers. 

1st Grade, . . . . . March 13 and 14, 1888» 

1. A Spaniard. The Mississippi river. 

2. After the "Virgin Queen " of England, at Jamestown. 

3. Virginia, 1619. 

4. A celebrated English Quaker. Pennsylvania. 

5. No definite answer can be given here. Patrick Henry, Joseph Otis, Samuel 

Adams, etc. 

6. Washington, Jackson, Taylor and Grant. 

7. A proclamation declaring all the slaves, in the United States, free wherever the 

people were in rebellion. 1863; Abraham Lincoln. 

8. China. 

9. Any two of the following: LaFayette, Kosciusko, Pulaski or Steuben. 
10. No answer can be here given to this, as all answers will vary. 

1st Grade. - - - - - - May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. French and Indian War. In western Pennsylvania. 

2. Answers will vary. 

3. Philadelphia. Independence Hall. 

11 



State or Nf.w York. 

UNI F OHM EX A MINA Tl OX Q UESTIOX-8. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1st Grade. ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

4. Who were the Hessians who took part in the Revolutionary War ? How 

came they here ? 10 

5. For what is eacli of the following especially remembered : John Paul 

Jones? General Anthony Wayne ? 10 

6. Who was the hero of "Lundy's Lane" ? Of what war was that a battle ? 10 

7. Who was President of the United States during the War of 1812 ? The 

Mexican War ? 10 

8. Mention two noted Anti-Slavery agitators in the United States. 10 

9. Where and for what was John Brown executed ? 10 
10. Whatismeant by the "Centennial Year"? What event was specially celebrated? 10 

1st Grade. .... - August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. When and by whom was Boston founded ? 10 

2. Why was Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony ? What 

settlement did he found ? 10 

•3. What caused the French and Indian War ? 10 

4. For what is each of the following specially remembered: Benjamin Frank- 

lin ? LaFayette ? 10 

5. What made Valley Forge memorable ? 10 

6. When, where, and why was the Constitution of the United States adopted ? 10 

7. Under wliat circumstances was Alexander Hamilton killed ? 10 

8. Between what cities and by whom was the first telegraph line built ? 10 

9. Name two great battles of the Civil War in which the Union forces were vic- 

torious ? 10 

10. To what political party did each of the following belong: Daniel Webster ? 

Stephen A. Douglas ? William H. Seward ? 10 

1st Grade. . . . . - March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Why were New York and Virginia so named ? 10 

2. Give one cause, one prominent event, and one result of the French and 

Indian War. 10 

3. Give an account of the battle of Trenton. 10 

4. 5. When, where, and why was the United States Constitution adopted ? 

How much of the present Constitution was then adopted ? 20 

6. State the provisions of tlie Missouri Compromise. 10 

7. Give an account of John Brown's raiil. 10 

8. Give two reasons for the rapid growtli of California. 10 

9. What was the Kansas-Nebraska Bill ? 10 
10. State facts as to Stephen A. Douglas; Salmon P. Chase; Wendell Phillips; 

Edwin M. Stanton. (Select any two names from tlie above list about 
which to write.) 10 

12 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

1st Grade. --.... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

4. Natives of Hesse-Cassel. They were hired by the British government to figlit 

against the Americau colonists. 

5. For naval victories during the Revolutionary War. For the capture of Stony 

Point. 

6. General Winfield Scott. War of 1812. 

7. James Madison. James K. Polk. 

8. Answers will vary. 

9. In Virginia. For making au unlawful attack upon Harper's Ferry. 
10. 1876. The 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, 

1st Grade. ----- August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. In 1630. Puritan families under Gov. Winthrop. 

2. On account of his religious opinions. Providence. 

3. Previous inter-colonial wars and encroachments of the French upon the English 

colonial possessions. 

4. Answers will vary. 

5. The terrible winter suflEerings of the American .soldiers durmg the Revolutionary 

War. 

6. 1787. Philadelphia. Because of the utter weakness of the government under 

the Colonial Confederation. 

7. In a duel witli Aaron Burr in 1804. 

8. Baltimore and Washington. Prof. S. F. B. Morse. 

9. Answers will vary. 

10. Webster was a Whig; Douglas was a Democrat; and Seward was a Republican. 

1st Grade. - - . - . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. New York was named after the Duke of York Virginia after the -'Virgin 

Queen " of England. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. 5. 1787. Philadelphia. There was no executive power, but little power was 

given to Congress, and there was a general feeling that there should be 
stronger national government. All but the fifteen amendments. 
G. Missouri was to be admitted as a slave State, but slavery was to be forever pro- 
hibited in all other territory west of the INIississippi and north of the parallel 
36° 30'. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. The bill introduced by Stephen A.,Douglas, organizing the Territories of Kansas 

and Nebraska, and giving the inhabitants tlie power to decide whether slavery 
should be admitted or prohibited. 
10. Answers may differ. 

13 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

2ci and 3rd Grades, . . . . January 7, 1888. 

1. By what people was New York settled? When? Where? 20 

2. Name the Presidents of the United States who have died during their term 

of office, and the successor of each. 20 

3. What accessions of territory have the United States secured? From whom 

obtained? How? 20 

4. Where was Fort DuQuesne located? Fort Ticonderoga? Fort Necessity? 

Fort Erie? 20 

5. What incidents are recalled by the names, — {a) Cherry Valley? (b) Yorktown? 

(c) Saratoga? {d) Shiloh ? {e) Appomattox? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . February, 1888. 

1. Give name and location of each of the five tribes of Indians known as the 

Iroquois. 30 

2. Mention three oppressive acts of the British Parliament which are considered 

causes of the American Revolution. 15 

3. Name the Atlantic States which were among the original thirteen States. 25 

4. Name three prominent Centennial Celebrations, by the people of the United 

States, and give the date of each. 20 

5. What State is called the "Centennial " State? Why so called? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . - - March 3, 1888. 

1. Of what church were the earliest settlers of Maryland? Of Pennsylvania? 10 

2. What circumstances led to the colonization of Rhode Island? 10 

3. By what war did Great Britain acquire Canada? 10 

4. In what body was the general government of the colonies lodged during the 

American Revolution? 10 

5. Why was the battle of Saratoga so important in its consequences? 10 

6. What brilliant victory is associated with the name of Oliver Hazard Perry? 

In what way was that victory gained? 10 

7. By what war did the United States make the largest acquisition of territory? 

Wliat States and Territories have since been formed of this territory? 20 

. 8. Who were the respective commanders of the Union and Confederate forces in 

the battle of Antietam? Of Gettysburg? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 13, 1888. 

1. In what branch of warfare did the Americans particularly distinguish them- 

selves in the War of 1812? 20 

2. What people claim to have discovered America before the time of Columbus? 20 

3. Wliat effect had the Colonial wars upon the Revolutionarv struggle? 20 

14 



State of New York. 
department of public ins tjicc ti on. 

AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

2d. and 3rd Grades, ..... January 7, 1888. 

1 . By Hollanders, in 1615, on the present sites of New York and Albany. 

2. William Henry Harrison, succeeded by John Tyler. Zachary Taylor, succeeded by Millard 

Fillmore. Abraham Lincoln, succeeded by Andrew Johnson. James A. Garfield, succeeded 
by Chester A. Arthur. 

3. The Louisiana territory, obtained from the French by purchase; Florida, obtained from Spain 

by purchase; Te.xas, formerly a part of Mexico, annexed upon a vote of its people; Califor- 
nia, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and part of Colorado, obtained from Mexico by 
purchase, and in the settlement of the Mexican War; Alaska, obtained from Russia by 
purchase. 

4. Fort DuQuesne was located on the present site of Pittsburgh; Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake 

Champlain; Fort Necessity, nearly south of Pittsburgh, in a pass in the Alleghany moun- 
tains, near the southern boundary of Pennsylvania; Fort Erie, on the west side of Niagara 
river, near Lake Erie. 

5. (a) The great massacre by the Indians; (b) the surrender of Coruwallis; (c) the surrender of 

Burgoyne; (d) the great battle of Shiloh or Pittsburgh Landing, during the Civil War; (e) 
the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia, under Lee, to uen. Grant. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . February, 1888. 

1. Mohawks, Oneiclas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas. Mohawks in territory 

centering in Herkimer county, and the others in the counties bearing their 
several names. 

2. Navigation Act. Importation Act. Stamp Act. 

3. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New 

Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. 

4. The Centennial Exposition, 1876. Yorktown, 1881. The adoption of the Consti- 

tution, 1887. 

5. Colorado. Because it was admitted to the Union in 1876. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 3, 1888. 

1. The Roman Catholic; the Quaker Church. 

2. The banishment of Roger Williams from Massachusetts for heresy. 

3. The French and Indian War. 

4. The Continental Congress. 

5. Because it led to the surrender of Burgoyne and that event led to the recognition 

of the United Colonies as a nation by France. 

6. The naval victory on Lake Erie in the War of 1812. 

7. By the Mexican War, California, Nevada, Colorado, Texas, Utah, Arizona, New 

Mexico. 

8. McClellan and Lee, Meade and Lee. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March 13, 1888. 

1. In naval warfare. 

2. The Scandinavians, or Northmen. 

3. The colonial wars had developed a military spirit among the colonists, and had 

educated many of their officers in the art of war, thus better fitting the colo- 
nists to cope with the Britisli troops. 

15 



State of New York. 
unif orm exa mi jsfa tion questio n3. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

2d, and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 13, 1888. 

4. Name two battles of the Mexican War and the commander of the American 

troops in each. 20 

5. Name the eleven States that formed the Confederacy in the War of the Rebellion? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 

1. What prominent events are associated with the following dates: 1775, 1781, 

1787, 1861 and 1865. 25 

2. Between what two cities was the first telegraph line built? By whom? 15 

3. What was the Nullification Act of 1832? What State passed that act? Wlio 

was President then? 15 

4. Name the last five regularly elected Presidents and Vice-Presidents. 25 

5. Where, when and under what circumstances did General Grant die? Where 

was he buried? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . April 7, 1888. 

1. What was the Stamp Act? 20 

2. Who were the respective commanders at the battle of Gettysburg? In what 

State was it fought? 20 

3. In what two wars was George Washington a distinguished participant? 20 

4. For what act is Benedict Arnold's name execrated? 20 

5. What Wiis the Missouri Compromise? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, ...-.- May 5, 1888. 

1. W^hat European discovered the Mississippi River? The Pacific Ocean, from 

the heights of the Isthmus of Darien? 10 

2. After whom was this continent named? Wliy was it so named? 10 

3. State facts relating to Nathan Hale. To John Andre. 10 

4. For what was Robert Fulton noted? Eli Whitney? 10 

5. Who was the first candidate of the Republican party for President of the 

United States? Who was first elected President by that party? 10 

6. What European nation made the first settlements in the valley of the St. 

Lawrence? In the valley of the Hudson? 10 

7. Locate Fort Sumter; Appomattox Court-House. 10 

8. Name four American generals that have been elected President of the 

United States. 10 

9. From what country did the United States purchase Alaska? Florida? 10 
10. What was the last great battle of the War of 1812? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, .-._-- June, 1888. 

1. Why did the Pilgrims come to this country to make it tlieir home ? 10 

2. Into what colony was negro slavery first introduced ? When ? 10 

16 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC IN S TRV G T I N. 

AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 13, 1888. 

4. Answer unnecessary. 

5. Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, 

Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . March, 1888, Special. 

1. Battle of Lexington; surrender of Cornwallis; adoption of the Constitution; 

attack on Fort Sumter; Lee's surrender. 

2. Baltimore and Washington; Prof. Morse. 

3. The people of South Carolina refused to pay duties on foreign goods ; South 

Carolina: Andrew Jackson. 

4. Lincoln and Johnson, Grant and Colfax, Hayes and Wheeler, Garfield and Arthur, 

Cleveland and Hendricks. 

0. On Mt. McGregor, July, 1885, of cancer in liis throat; at Pdverside Park. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 7, 1888. 

1. An act of Parliament compelling the people of the American colonies to buy gov- 

ernment stamps and place them on legal papers. 

2. General Meade, Union ; Gen. Lee, Confederate. Pennsylvania. 

3. The French and Indian War of 1755; Revolutionary War. 

4. His traitorous negotiation with Sir Henry Clinton, to surrender West Point to the 

British. 

5. An Act of Congress which provided that Missouri should come into the Union as a 

slave State and that thereafter slavery should be forever prohibited north of 36'.30'. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..---. May 5, 1888. 

1. DeSoto. Balboa. 

2. Amerigo Vespucci. Because he visited the mainland, and called attention to his 

visit by writing an account of it, which was published. 

3. Nathan Hale was an American who entered the British lines to secure informa- 

tion for Washington, was captured and executed as a spy by the British. 
John Andre was a British officer who was appointed to negotiate with Bene- 
dict Arnold for the betrayal of West Point into the hands of the British, and 
was captured and executed as a spy by the Americans. 

4. As the inventor of the first steamboat in America. As the inventor of the cotton gin. 

5. John C. Fremont. Abraham Lincoln. 

6. The French. The Dutch. 

7. Fort Sumter is on an island at the entrance to the harbor of Charleston, S. C. 

Appomattox Court-House in the southern central part of Virginia. 

8. Washington. Jackson. Taylor. Grant. Hayes. Garfield. (Any four.) 

9. Russia. Spain. 

10. The battle of New Orleans. 

2d and 3rd Grades, -..--. June, 1888. 

1. To find a home where they could worship God according to their own con- 

sciences, and educate their children as they pleased. 

2. Virginia. 1G19. 

17 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA T/ON QUESTION'S. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ------ June, 1888. 

3. When aud why was the Stamp Act repealed ? 10 

4. Where was the Continental Congress in session during the Revolutionary War? 10 

5. What led to the Mexican War ? 10 

6. Name two prominent generals of (a) the United States army and (b) one of 

the ^Mexican army in that war. 10 

7. During what war and where was the battle of the "Iron Ships" fought ? 10 

8. State some facts about Sherman's march to the sea. 10 

9. Of what nation did the United State government purchase Louisiana? 10 
10. What chief justice of the United States died a short time since ? 10 

2d and 3d Grades, ----- August 14. 1888. 

1. Who were the first explorers of the Mississippi Valley ? 20 

2. What event is associated with each of the following dates: loGo, 1619, 

1C20, 1765 ? 20 

3. Name one important event of each year of the Revolutionary War. 20 

4. What was the Geneva award ? What amount was awarded ? 20 

5. With w!)at great enterprise is each of the following names associated: 

(a) DeWitt Clinton ? (J) S. F. B. Morse ? (c) Cyrus W. Field ? (.7) Ezra 
Cornell ? (e) M. Bartholdi ? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, ... . September 1, 1888. 

1. What portion of the United States was first settled by (n) the Spanish ? 

(h) the English ? (c) the Dutch ? 20 

2. Who were the Huguenots ? Why did many of them come to America ? 20 

3. For what purpose, and by whom, was Georgia first settled ? 20 

4. When and where was Washington inaugurated president of the United 

States ? 20 

5. Name in order the first ^/ice presidents, and give the length of time each 

served. 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . - - September 11, 1888. 

1. Mention something of interest as to Andrew Jackson; Henry Clay; John C. 

Calhoun. 15 

2. Who was President of the United States for only one month ? 5 

3. Mention one specially important event of each year of the Civil War. 50 

4. Name three candidates for the Presidency in 1884, aud state wiiat party 

each represented. 15 

5. State facts as to (a) Horatio Seymour, {h) Roscoe Conkling. (c) Horace 

Greeley. 15 

18 



State of New York. 

DEPART MENT OF PUBLIC JNSTIIVCTION. 

AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

2d and 3d Grades, ------ June, 1888. 

3. 1766. Because the British goveriimeDt foimd it could uot be safely en- 

forced. 

4. In Philadelphia. 

5. The annexation of Texas. 

6. {n) Scott and Taylor, (b) Sauta Anna. 

7. During the Civil War. In Hampton Roads. 

8. Answers will vary. 

9. Of France. 

10. Morrison R. Waite. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . , August 14, 1888. 

1. La Salle and Marquette. 

2. 1565 — St. Augustine. IGIO —Slavery. 1620 — The Pilgrims' lauding. 1765 — 

Stamp Act. 

3. Answers will vary. 

4. The amount paid to Americans by England on account of the Alabama depre- 

dations. $15,500,000. 

5. («) The Erie Canal. {!>) The first telegraph line, (r) The first Atlantic cable. 

((7) Cornell University, (e) The Statue of Liberty in New York harbor. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . - September 1, 1888. 

1. (a) The south-eastern part, including Florida, and what is now New Mexico. 

(b) All the remaining eastern coast, except New York and New Jersey, 

(c) The above-mentioned two States. 

2. French Protestants. To escape persecution on account of tlieir religious beliefs. 

3. As a refuge for imprisoned debtors. By James Oglethorpe. 

4. Ai)ril 30, 1789. In New York city. 

5. George Washington, eight years; John Adams, four years; Thomas Jefferson, 

eight years; James Madison, eight years; James Monroe, eight years. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - September 11, 1888. 

1. Answers will vary. 

2. Y7illiam Henry Harrison. 

3. Answers will vary. 

4. Any three of the following: Grover Cleveland, Democratic party; James G. 

Blaine, Republican party; J. P. St. John, Prohibition ])arty; B. F. Butler, 
People's party; Belva Lockwood, Female Suffrage party. 

5. Answers will vary. 

19 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions, 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - October 6, 1888. 

1. Wliat was meant bj' the i:)hrase " Taxation witliout representation ? " 20 

2. What incidents are recalled by the names Jolni Paul Jones, Commodore 20 

Perrj' and Admiral Farragut ? 20 

3. When, how and by whom was Vicksburg captured ? 20 

4. Mention two great inventions of this century, and name the inventors 

(Americans). 20 

5. Name two famous Americans who have died during the past five years, and 

state for what each was famous. 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 3, 1888. 

1. Describe the capture of Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen. 20 

2. By whom was Stony Point captured? During what war? 20 

3. Why were New York and Pennsylvania so named? 20 

4. Mention two specially important events of 1860? 20 

5. By whom, and under what circumstances, was President Garfield killed? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- January 5, 1889. 

1. In connection with the exploration and settlement of this continent, mention 

(rt) an Englishman, Q>) a Spaniard, (r) an Italian, and {d) a Frenchman. 20 

2. What nation, or people colonized this State ? Name and locate two early 

settlements. 20 

3. What historical event is connected with the following names: («) Oliver H. 

Perry; (h) Trenton; (c) Samuel F. B. Morse; {d) DeWitt Clinton; (e) A. 
Graham Bell; (/) The Monitor; (y) Dred Scott; {h) Peter Stuyvesant; 

(/) Tippecanoe ; {j) Brigham Young ? 20 

4. Mention five acquisitions of territory made by the United States. 20 

5. Which States passed secession ordinances after the general election of 1860? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - February 2, 1889. 

1. Where was the first permanent Spanish settlement within the present limits 

of the United States? The first permanent English settlement? 10 

2. Why is the capital of North Carolina called Raleigh? 10 

3. Give the story of Pocahontas. 10 

4. By whom and for what purpose was Maryland first settled? 10 

5. Name three ex-Presidents wlio died on tlie Fourth of .July? 10 

6. What was tlie Fugitive Slave Law? 10 

7. Locate tlie " Gadsden Purcliase," and state who negotiated that purcliase. 10 

8. Describe the "Trent Affair." 10 

9. Give an account of the laying of the Atlantic cable. 10 
10. State facts as to (a) Farragut, {J>) Meade, (c) Sherman, {d) Sheridan, {e) Lee. 10 

{Select any two of the above Jive 7iames in question 10 about which to write.) 

20 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd G-rades, . . . . . October 6, 1888. 

1. The colonists denied the right of Great Britain to tax them, unless they could 

be represented in Parliament. 

2. Naval battles of the Revolutionary War. Perry's victory on Lake Erie. The 

capture of New Orleans and Mobile. 

3. 1863. By siege. Grant. 

4. Ansv?ers will vary. 

5. Answers will vary. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . , November 3, 1888. 

1. Answers will vary. 

2. General Wayne. Revolutionary War. 

3. New York was named after the Duke of York. Pennsylvania means Penn's woods. 

4. The two most important are tiie election of Lincoln, and the secession of South 

Carolina. 

5. By Charles J. Guiteau, in a railway station, in Washington. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - January 5, 1889. 

1. (a) The Cabots, Raleigh, Hudson, Gosnold and Drake; (b) De Leon, Balboa, De Soto, De 

Narvaez, Cortez and Cordova; (accept Cohimbus); (c) Columbus and Vespucci; (d) Ver- 
razaui, Cartier, Ribaut, Champlain, Marquette, Joliet, Du Mont, and La Salle. 

2. Holland, or the Dutch. Fort Orange, the present site of Albany; New Amsterdam, now New 

York city. 

3. (a) Battle of Lake Erie; {h) Washington crossing the Delaware and defeating the Hessians; 

{c) Invention of the telegraph; {d) Construction of the Erie canal; {e) Invention of the 
telephone; (/) First battle between ironclad ships; {<j) Decision of the United States 
Supreme Court affecting the civil rights of the colored race; <h) Last Dutch Governor of 
New Amsterdam ; (i) Gen. Wm. H. Harrison's victory over the Indians in 1811 ; ( /) Founder 
of Salt Lake City, and for thirty years chief prophet of the Mormons. 

4. Louisiana; Florida; Texas; California, New Mexico and Arizona ; Gadsden Purchase ; Wash- 

ington and Oregon ; Alaska. 

5. Virgina, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 

Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . February 2, 1889. 

1. St. Augustine, Florida; Jamestown, Virginia. 

2. After Sir Walter Raleigh, who first tried to plant a colony in North Carolina. 

3. Answers will vary. 

4. By Lord Baltimore as a refuge for oppressed Catholics. 

5. Adams, Jefferson and Monroe. 

6. It was a law which required United States commissioners to return fugitive 

slaves, and gave them power to call upon any citizen for help. 

7. The part of Arizona and New Mexico lying south of the Gila river. James 

Gadsden. 

8. Answers will vary. 

9. Answers will vary. 
10. Answers will vary. 

21 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA Tl ON (^ UES TIONS. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - - - March 2, 1889. 

1. What people settled Aoadia? What permanent English settlement was made 

about the same time? 10 

2. Name the first two permanent settlements in New York. 10 

3. Who founded Philadelphia? Baltimore? 10 

4. State one cause of the American Revolution. Name the greatest event of 

1776. Of 1781. 10 

5. Who were the Tories? The Hessians? 10 

6. What Union officer commanded the land forces at Antietam? at Gettj'sburg? 

at Atlanta? at Vicksburg? the naval forces at Mobile? 10 

7. Where, and by what vessel was the Alabama sunk? 10 

8. Name three States known as "Border" States during the Civil War. 10 

9. Name the Governors of this State during the Civil War. 10 
10. Name three members of President Cleveland's Cabinet. What position does 

each hold? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - - March 12, 1889. 

1. State facts as to any two of the following: John Smith ; John Endicott ; Roger 

Williams ; William Penn ; Cecil Calvert. 10 

2. What historic event is suggested by Ticouderoga? Stony Point? Cemetery 

Ridge? Atlanta? Appomattox? 10 

3. Name four inter-colonial wars. 10 

4. At the storming of Quebec by the English, what two famous leaders were 

killed? 10 

5. What was the Mutiny Act? The Boston Massacre? 10 

6. Who was Kosciusko? LaFayette? 10 

7. How did Texas become part of the United States? What resulted? 10 

8. Name two great battles of the Mexican War, and name the commander of 

the American forces in each. 10 

9. Describe the capture of Port Sumter in 1861. 10 
10. Name a prominent historical event of 1863 ; 1663; 1864; 1865; 1876. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ... - - April 6. 1889. 

1. How came New Jersey and Delaware to be so named? 10 

2. Relate the story of Paul Revere's Ride. 10 

3. State facts as to Israel Putnam ; General Marion ; General Warren. 10 

4. Where is Faneuil Hall? For what is it noted? 10 

5. Name one battle of the Civil War where each of the following Union gener- 

als was in command : McClellan; Meade; Burnside; Hooker; Thomas 10 

6. What were " Blockade-runners? " By whom were they fitted out? 10 

7. Give an account of Sheridan's famous ride from Winchester. 10 

22 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMEXT OF PUBLIC IXST RUCTION. 

AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - . March 2, 1889. 

1. The French. Jamestown. 

3. New Amsterdam and Fort Orange. 

3. William Penu. Lord Baltimore. 

4. Answers to first may dilfer. The Declaration of Independence in 1776. Sur- 

render of Corinvallis in 1781. 

5. Colonists who sympathized with the English during the Revolutionary War. 

Germans (natives of Hesse-Cassel) who were hired by the British government 
to tight against the colonists. 

6. McClellan. Meade. Sherman. Grant. Farragut. 

7. Off Cherbourg, on the northwestern coast of France. By the Kearsarge. 

8. Any three of tlic following: Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky and Missouri. 

9. Horatio Seymour, Edwin D. Morgan, and Reuben E. Fenton. 

10. Any three of tlie following: Thomas F. Bayard, secretary of state; Charles S. 
Fairchild, secretary of the treasury; William C. Endicott, secretary of war; 
William C. Whitney, secretary of the navy ; William F. Vilas, secretary of 
tlie interior; Don M. Dickinson, postmaster-general; A. H. Garland, attorney- 
general ; Norman L. Colman, secretary of agriculture. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . _ . . March 12, 1889. 

1. Answers may differ. 

2. Its capture by Ethan Allen. Its capture by Mad Anthony Wayne. The battle 

of Gettysburg. Its capture by Sherman. The surrender of Lee's army. 

3. King William's War. Queen Anne's War. King George's War. French and 

Indian War. 

4. Wolfe and Montcalm. 

5. An act requiring Americans to furnish English soldiers with shelter and sup- 

plies. The killing of citizens of Boston by the British troops in 1770. 

6. A Pole of noble birth who came to America and gave his aid to the patriot 

cause. 
A French nobleman who purchased a ship, fitted it out at his own expense, came 
to America, and served in the patriot army. 

7. By annexation. The Mexican War. 

8. Answers may differ, 

9. Answers may differ, 
10. Answers may differ, 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . . April 6, 1889. 

1. In honor of tlie Governor of Jersey Island. After Lord De la Ware. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. In Boston. As the " Cradle of Liberty." 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. Vessels fitted out to run the blockade of rebel ports. By foreign merchants. 

7. Answers may differ. 

23 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

2d. and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 6, 1889. 

8. What two States were admitted into tlie Union during the Civil War? 10 

9. What has been the approximate increase of population in the United States 

since the close of the Revolution ? 10 

10. State facts as to William Lloyd Garrison : Henr}- W. Longfellow ; John G. 

Whittier: William CuUen Bryant. 10 

(^Select any two of the above names alout wJticIi to lorite.) 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... May 4, 1889. 

1. When did England make a treaty acknowledging the independence of the 

United States? Where was it made? 10 

2. Name in order of location the thirteen original States of our Union. 10 

3. What were the two great political parties during Washington's administra- 

tion? What were they in 1850? 10 

4. When did Washington become the seat of government of the United Stales? 10 

5. Name five presidents who have been re-elected. 10 

6. To what State did each of the following belong: {a) Thomas Jefferson? {Ji) 

Andrew Jackson? (c) Daniel Webster? {d) Henry Clay? (e) John C. Cal- 
houn? (/) James Buchanan? {g) Abraham Lincoln? (//) Samuel J. Tilden? 

(0 Alexander H. Stephens? (y) "Stonewall " Jackson? 10 

7. What general first thoroughly organized the Army of the Potomac? 10 

8. Give an incident of the battle of Gettysburg. 10 

9. What was the Sanitary Commission? The Christian Commission? 10 
10. Why was the International Exhibition of 1876 held at Philadelphia ? 10 



ARITHMETIC. 



1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 3, 1887. 

Note. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for tiie four examinations in tliis 
subject held in iSbT : 

1st Grade. — All questions in every subject apply to first grade licenses. 

2d Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, apply to second 
grad licenses. 

3rd Grade. — Questions printed in italics only, appl^- to third grade licenses. 

1. Divide 9| x ^ hy f-hf. Stibtract 2^ from the sum of 8}^, 3|, 7^, 8yV- 15 

2. E.rtend the items and make the footing in the following Mil : 

ALBANY, K Y., Sejytemler 1, 1887. 
.¥/•. ARTHUR FLOYD, in account with R. J. ALLEN ct CO. 

6432 lbs. stove coal, @ |6.25 per ton . $ 

6432 /«. inch boards,® $19.25 jm- M 

8. 33 cords wood, @ $5.55 ^;e?' coi'd IT 

24 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

■ AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 6, 1889. 

8. "West Virginia and Nevada. 

9. From about 3,000,000 to aljout 60.000,000. 

10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . . may 4, 1889. 

1. 1783. At Paris. 

2. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode IsLand, Connecticut, New York, New 

Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, Georgia. 

3. Federalist and Republican (also called Anti-Federalists). Democratic and Whig. 

4. 1800. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. (d) Virginia, {h) Tennessee, (c) Massacluisetts. {d) Kentucky, {e) South Carolina. 

(/) Pennsylvania, {g) Illinois. (Ji) New York, {i) Georgia, {j) North Carolina. 

7. Geo. B. McClellau. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. A great organization which had for its object the care of the sick and wounded in 

the army. The latter included religious instruction and Christian burial as well. 
10. Because the Declaration of Independence w\as adopted there in 1776, one luin- 
dred years before. 



ARITHMETIC— Answers. 
1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 3, 1887. 

1 lS_fi_ 24 5 3 

2. % 20 10 

123 82 

46 23 



$190 15 

S5 



State of New York. 

UNIF O li M E X A M 1 NATION QUESTIONS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1st, 2d. and 3rd Grades, .... September 3, 1887. 

3. Divide 3 g(ds. 2 qts. 1 pt- into 2,000 equal parts. 10 

4. Find the leijal interest <?/' $4, 352.50/61/* 1 year 3 months and 13 days. 10 

5. A man having $2,025 in the hanh dreio out $1,5G0. Wliat 2>er cent did he draw 

out? 10 

6. A pile of 4-foot wood 24 rods long contains 100 cords. What is its height ? 20 

7. A man sells pens at \ cent apiece above cost and makes 20 per cent. What 

do the pens cost hiui apiece ? At what price per dozen does he sell them? 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . October 1, 1887. 

1. Add 3| (l^y's), XCVIII, and four and seven hundred-thousandths. 10 

2. Mnd the least common multiple, and greatest common divisor of 52, 78 and 143. 15 

3. What will 15 acres of land cost at |- cent per square foot f 10 

4. From a barrel of wine, 18 gal. 3 qt. 1 j^t. toei'e drawn. Wliat per cent of the 

whole remained in the bctrrelf 15 

5. VHxat will 1893 ZJs. hay cost at $12.38 j>cr ton? 10 

6. A man sold sixteen horses at $200 each; on one-half he gained 10 per cent, 

and on the other half he lost 10 per cent. Find net gain or loss. 20 

7. Write a negotiable, interest-bearing, promissory note, omitting signature. 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - November 5, 1887. 

1. Write (a) three million, sixty thousand, seven; (li) a number composed of 5 units 

of the sixth order, 4 nnits of the fifth order, 1 unit of the fourth order, and 9 
units of the second order; {c) six thousand twenty four hundred-thousandths. 12 

2. {a) Divide ^ of % of 7i by 3| ; Qi) subtract 8j% from the sum of 51, 21, i^^. 12 

3. Find the interest <>/ $94.75 from Aug. 14, 188G, to Oct. 1, 1887, at 5 per cent per 

annum. 12 

4. Reduce (a) 39 sq. rods 17 sq. yd. 119 sq. in. to sq. in.; (b) 3. ph. 5 qt. 1 2>t. to the 

fraction of a bushel. 12 

5. // lead iJencils that cost 3 cts. each are sold for 5 cents each, what is the per cent of 

proft ? 12 

6. The difference in time between New York and Chicago is 54 min. {a) What 

is the difference in longitude ? (b) Wiien the local time in New York is 

12 h. 25 min., A. M., what is the local time in Chicago ? 20 

7. E.xtract the square root of 317.815, correct to three decimal places. 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - December 3, 1887. 

1. To ichat different classes of numbers does the number 924 belong? 12 

2. What is the only even prime number? 12 

3. Exjiress by figures {a) four hundred and twenty-eight ten-thousandths; (h) iiine 

hundred- thousandths. 13 

26 



State of New York. 

DEPART MEXT OF PUBLIC IXSTli UC HON. 



ARITHMETIC— Answers. 



1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, 

3. .0105 pt. 

4. $335.87. 

5. 77^7 per ceut. 

6. 8^^- feet. 

7. I ceut apiece; 9 cents per doz. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, 

1. 109.12507. 

2. 171G L. C. M. ; 13 G. C. D. 

3. $373. 37i. 

4. 40^3 per cent 

5. $11.71+ 

6. $32.32 loss. 

7. Answer unnecessary. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, 

1. {a) 3,060,007. (/>) 541,090. {c) .06024. 

2. («) Iff. (h) 3||g. 

3. $5.36. 

4. (rt) 1,551,107 sq. in. (f>) |J bu. 

5. 66| per cent. 

6. 00 ^3^ 30'. (?/) 11 h. 31 miu., p. M. 

7. 17.827+ 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, 

1. Even; composite; abstract; integral. 

2. Two. 

3. {a) 400.0028: (A) .0009. 



September 3, 1887. 



October 1, 1887. 



November 5, 1887. 



December 3. 1887. 



27 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EX AMINA TION QUESTIONS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - - December 3, 1887. 

4. How much will it cost to carpet a room 18/t. square, tcith carpet \ of a yard wide 

at ${.15 per yard? 12 

5. A rectangular afield is 86i rods long and 46.875 rods wide. How much icheat will 

it 'produce at the rate of 20 hushels per acre ? 12 

6. What sum of money will amoiuu to $1,253.86, in 2 yr. 11 mo. 13 da., interest 

at 5 per cent ? 20 

7. How is the rate per cent per annum ascertained when the principal, interest, 

and time are given ? 20 

1st Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Express by words 234,506.234. 10 

2. State the principles that you would teach in multiplication. 10 

3. State two principles that you would teach in greatest common divisor. 10 

4. Given, the dividend, quotient, and remainder, to find the divisor. State the 

process. 10 

5. Given, rate, time, and interest, to find principal. State rule or formula. 10 

6. Define (a) the unit of a fraction; {h) a fractional unit. 10 

7. Define («) ratio; (?>) proportion. 10 

8. A ship's chronometer, set at Greenwich, points to 5 h. 40 min. 20 sec. p. m., 

when the sun is on the meridian. What is the ship's longitude? 10 

9. What is the difference between the true and the bank discount of $950 for 

three months, at 7 per cent? 10 

10. A rectangular park, the sides of which are respectively 45 rods and 60 rods 
long, has a walk crossing it from corner to corner. How long is the 
walk? 10 

1st Grade, ....-- May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. To 33 add 5| ; from the sum subtract 43^5; multiply the remainder by 1|; 

divide 18 by the product. 10 

2. If f of 9 bushels of wheat cost $13i, what will | of a bushel cost? 10 

3. From a unit of the third order subtract the sum of .371 and sixty-five ten- 

thousandtlis, multiply the remainder by three-tenths, and divide the pro- 
duct by 5 millionths. 10 

4. Reduce 7 cwt. 28 lb. 4 oz. to the decimal of a ton. 10 

5. How many pounds of cotton at 11^ cents per pound can a broker buy for 

$9,225, and retain his commission at 2| per cent? 10 

6. Required the exact interest of $926 from January 3 to June 11, 1887, at C per 

cent per annum. 10 

7. Find the square root of 3, to three decimal places. 10 

8. At $25 per M., what is the cost of 7 boards, each 15 ft. long and 10 in. wide? 10 

9. In the fraction ^ what is the fractional unit? The unit of the fraction? 10 
10. If hay sell for $14 a ton at a loss of 12;. per cent, what should it sell for, to 

gain 15 per cent? 10 

28 



State of New York, 

DEPART ME NT OF PUBLIC INSTRV CTION. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . , December 3, 1887. 

•4. 155.20. 

5. 506IH- bu. 

6. $1,093.56. 

7. Divide the given interest by the interest on the given principal, for the given 

time, at one per cent per annum. 

1st Grade, . - - . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1, Two hnnclred thirty-four thousand, five hundred six, and two hundred tliirty- 

four thousandths. 
3. (rt) The multiplier must be regarded as an abstract number. 
(J>) The multiplicand and product must be like numbers. 

(c) Either of the factors may be used as multiplicand or multiplier when both 
are abstract. 
3. Any two of the five following : 

(a) A common divisor of two numbers is an exact divisor of their sum. 

(h) A common divisor of two numbers is an exact divisor of their difference. 

(c) An exact divisor divides any number of times its dividend. 

{d) The greatest common divisor of two or more numbers contains all the prime 

factors of those numbers and no others, 
(c) The greatest common divisor of two numbers is either their difference or 
some factor of their difference. 
5. Divide the given interest by the interest of $1, or by the rate of SI, for the given 

time at the given rate. 
6-7. See text-books. 

8. 85° 5' west. 

9. 39 cents. 
10. 75 rd. 

1st Grade, - - .... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. 21. 

3. 11.35. 

3. 5,977,350. 

4. . 364135 T. 

5. 80,000 lbs. 

6. $34.30. 

7. 1.733+. 

8. $3.50. 

9. The fractional unit is \. The unit of the fraction is 1. 

10. $18.40 per ton. 

29 



State of New York. 

UNI F 11 M EX A MINA TION QUES TIONS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1st Grade, . . _ . - August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. Wliat is tlic date of maturity, terra of discount, bank discount, and proceeds 

a 2-montliR note for |300, made and discounted in New York, July 10, 1888? 10 

2. If a street vendor buy 5 busliels of chestnuts for $18.50, and sell them for 

15 cents per liquid quart, how much does he gain? 10 

3. A broker buys for $65 a note for $70, due in three months. "What rate per cent 

per annum will he receive for the use of his money, if the note is jiaid 
■when due'? 10 

4. The sum of two numbers is 27 lb. 3 pwt. 5 gr., and their difference is 12 lb. 

19 pwt. 21 gr. Required the numbers. 10 

5. What sum must be invested in 7 per cent bonds at 101 J per cent to yield an 

annual income of $980? 10 

6. The list price of oil stoves is $15, but 12 stoves are sold for $12G. Wiiat 

rate of commercial discount was allowed? 10 

7. A farm fence 60 rods long is built 3 boards high and of IG-foot lumber. 

The top board is 4 inches wide, the middle board is 5^ inches wide, and 
the bottom board 7 inches. Find the required number of each kind of 
boards and the cost of the lumber at $13 per M. 10 

8. At the same rate of speed, what part of the water discharged by a 5-inch 

pipe will a 3-inch pipe discharge? 10 

9. The State of New York is 320 miles east and west, exclusive of Long Island. 

Find the length of map of the mainland on a scale of one-twelfth of an 
inch to the mile. 10 

10. Find the least number which divided by anjMntegral number between 5 and 

13 will leave a remainder of 1. 10 

1st Grade, . . . . _ March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Define {a) exact division; (7^) complete division; {c) assessment (stocks); {d) 

brokerage. 10 

2. (a) Write in Roman notation, 2,999; {h) Write in words, 2 Cong. 50. 4 fl. 3 . 10 
8. Divide 1 T. 9 cwt. 90 lb. 11 oz. by 82 lb. 5 oz. 10 

4. Write in order the several steps in the process of reducing 8 bu. to denomi- 

nations of liquid measure. 10 

5. Find the compo\ind interest of $875, for 2 yr. 3 mo., at jDer cent, com- 

pounded annually. 10 

0. What different prime factors are found in 2,100? 10 

7. In what time will $G"iO amount to $713.05 at 6 per cent simple interest? 10 

8. Find the proceeds of a 3-mo. note for $500 discounted at liank, at 6 per cent. 10 

9. Show by computation that a measure 181 in. in diameter and 8 in. deep con- 

tains exactly 1 bushel. 10 

10. Make and solve a problem illustrating true discount. 10 

30 



State of New York. 

DEP A R TMEN T OF P UBLI C INS T li U C Tl ON. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

1st Grade, . . . _ . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. Date of maturity, Septem])cr 13, 1888. 
Tci)ii of discount, 2 mo. 3 da. 

Bank discount, $3.15. 
Proceeds, $296.85. 

2. $9.43. 

3. 30}! per cent per annum. 

4. Greater number, 19 lb. C oz. 11 pwt. 13 gr. 
Smaller number, 7 lb. 5 oz. 11 pwt. 16 gr. 

5. $14,210. 

6. 30 per cent. 

7. G2 lioards of each width. 
Cost of lumber $17.73. 

8. ^V 

9. 26| inches. 

10. 27,721. 



1st Grade, . . . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. (rt) An exact division is one in wliich the quotient is an integer, (i) A com- 
plete division is one in which all the figures of the dividend have been used ; the 
quotient may l^e either integral or fractional, (c) An assessment is a sum re- 
quired of stockliolders to meet losses, or to carry on the business, [d) Broker- 
age is a sum allowed a broker for his services as sucli. 

3. (^OMMCMXCIX (sometimes written MMDCCCCXCIX). (?^) Two gallons, five pints, 
four fluid-drams. 

3. 361. 

4. 1st. Beduce 8 bu. to cubic inches (x 2, 150.4). 2d. Beduce the cubic inches to 

gallons (-=-231). 3d. Reduce the fraction of a gallon to lower denominations. 

5. $122.90. 

6. 2, 3, 5, and 7. 

7. 1 yr. 7 mo. 12 da, 

8. $492.35. 

9. (181)-x. 7854x8=2, 150.42, the number of cubic inches in a bushel. 
10. Answers may differ. 

31 



State uf New York. 
uniform exam in a tion q uks tl ons. 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - _ - - . January 7, 1888. 

1. The product of three factors is 20^, and two of them are respectively 1? and 

4^. Required, the third factor. 10 

2. If I sell goods for $511.29, and thereby gain 9| per cent of tlieir cost, how 

much is my gain ? 10 

3. Upon what general principle of division is cancellation founded ? 10 

4. What is the cube root of a number ? 10 

5. Divide 48 bu. 3 pk. 6 qt. by 9. 10 

6. What per cent of 78^- is 230^ ? 10 

7. Divide $800 among A, B, and C, so that A shall receive $75 more than B, 

and B shall receive $68 more than C. 10 

8. A policy of insurance cost $28, at a rate of j per cent. Find the face of 

the policy. 10 

9. A box 6 ft. by 34- ft. by 2 ft. 8 in. will hold liow many buslids of wheat ? 10 
10. Reduce .04675 mi. to yd. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - February, 1888» 

1. Divide 812.5 by .625. 10 

2. Define {(i) greatest common divisor; {Ji) common multiple. 10 

3. Required the cost of 3,000 pounds of oats at 35 cts. per busliel (New York 

standard). 10 

4. Find the square root of 3, correct to three decimal places. 10 

5. Find the difference and the product of 17J and 11?-. 10 

6. Multiply 3 bu. 3 pk. 3 qt. by 27. 10 

7. Reduce i| A. to integers of lower denominations. 10 

8. Wliat is the true jiresent worth of $977.60. due 3 mo. 20 da. hcnrc. dis- 

counted at the rate of 6 per cent per annum. 10 

9. 25 per cent of the selling price of an article is protit. Required tiie per 

cent of gain on its cost. 10 

10. Find tlie diameter of a circle 165 feet in circumference. 10 

2d and 3d Grades, ..... March 3, 1888. 

1. Find the prime factors of 72, 80 and 96; select from all these factors those 

whose product will give the L. C. M. of 72, 80 and 96. 10 

2. A cubic foot of water weighs 62.356 pounds; silver is 10.511 times heavier 

than water; fiud the weight of 24 cubic feet of silver. 10 

3. What part of an acre is v,j of a square rod ? Express the answ'er decimally. 10 

4. WHiat will it cost to till a jug, which contains 2,310 cubic inches, with 

vinegar at seven cents a quart? 10 

5. Five men do as much work as eight boys; what per cent of a man's work 

does a boy accomplish t What per cent of a boy's work does a man ac- 
complish ? lO' 

32 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 
2danci3rdGrad.es, ..... January 7, 1888. 

2. $53.29. 

3. Dividing both dividend and aivisor by the same number does not affect the 

value of the quotient. 

4. One of the three equal factors that will produce the number. 

5. 5 bu. 1 pk. 6 qt. 

6. 300 per cent. 

7. A receives $339.33^; B, $364,334; C, $196.33^-. 

8. $3,200. 

9. 45^ bu. 
10. 82.28 yd. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ...... February, 1888. 

1. 500. 

2. {a) The greatest number that is an exact divisor of two or more given numbers. 

(h) Any number of which two or more given numbers are exact divisors, 

3. $32.Sli. 

4. 1.732+ 

5. Difference, 5j\; product, 201^}. 

6. 103 bu. 3 pk. 1 qt. 

7. 97 sq. rd. 11 sq. yd. 7 sq. ft. 92^ sq. in. 

8. $960. 

9. 33^ per cent. 
10. 52 ft. 6 in. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 3, 1888. 

1. 72=2X2X2X3X3, 80=2X2x2x2X5, 96=2x2x2x2x2x3. L. C. M. of 72, 80 and 

96=2X2X2X2X2X3X3X5. 

3. 1529.3286+ pounds. 

3. .000072 + 

4. $2.80. 

5. 62J;^;, 160j^. 

33 



State of New York. 
uni f ohm examina tion q uestions. 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . _ March 3, 1888. 

C. Draw — on a separate slip of pajier — a (1) note which shall be (2) negotiable, 
its (3) face, seventy-five dollars, its (4) time, six months, its (5) maker, 
John Doc, its (6) payee, Richard Roe, its (7) date, Jan. 3, 1888, its (8) 
place of payment, at the First National Bank of Albany, (9) not bearing 
interest. Properly indorse it to John Jones. 20 

7. Find the proceeds of the note above described, discounted at a bank January 

3, 1888. 20 

8. Express in proper form a true proportion whose extreme shall be nine feet 

and $22. 50. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .-.-.. March 13, 1888. 

1. Given the dividend, 807, and the quotient, 34^. Find the divisor. 10 

2. If the first, third, and fourtli terms of a proportion are given, how may the 

second term be found ? 10 

3. What are the proceeds of a 90 da. note for $500 discounted at a bank at 

the rate of 6 per cent per annum ? 10 

4. Why does the value of a decimal remain unchanged when ciphers are an- 

nexed ? 10 

5. A square field contains 20 acres. Required the number of rods of fence to 

enclose it. Carry the answer only to one decimal place. 10 

6. A commission merchant sold 900 pounds of turkeys at 23 cents per pound, 

and retained for his services $10.35. What rate of commission did he 

charge ? 10 

7. In what time will $125 amount to $145.75, at C per cent, simple interest ? 10 

8. 14 A. 10 sq. rd. is what part of 50 A. 100 sq. rd.? 10 

9. Find the cost of 2,315 pounds of coal at $5.75 per ton. 10 
10. A merchant failed, and paid his creditors 55 cents on tlie dollar. If he 

paid in all $3,874.75, what w^as the amount of his indebtedness ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ . _ . March, 1888, Special. 

NoTK. — In the solution of these problems, ever_v process must be indicated. Meie answers 
will not be accepted. 

1. Write 1249 in Roman notation. 10 

2. The product of two numbers and one of the numbers given to find the other 

number. State the process and give reason for it. 10 

3. What is cancellation? For what purpose is it used? 10 

4. Reduce A.-^^-^\ll first to a common fraction, and then to a decimal true to 

two places. 10 

5. Phelps & Co. bought of Barber & Perkins 15 reams pai)er at $4, and 20 M 

envelopes at $2.70. ]\Iakc out a l)ill of the above and receipt it properly. 10 

34 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INS T li U C T I ON. 



ARITHMETIC— Answers. 



2d and 3rd Grades, 

6. Answer not needed. 



March 3, 1888, 



7. $72.71. 



8. Answers, various. 
2d and 3rd Grades, 

1. 23t77~q-. 



March 13, 1888. 



2. By dividing the product of the first and fourth terms by the third term. 

3. $492.35. (On the basis of 30 days to the month. Exact interest is of course 

correct.) 

4. Annexing a cipher to a decimal diminishes the size of the units in the same 

proportion that it increases the number of units; or it multiplies both numera- 
tor and denominator by the same number. 

5. 226.27+ rd. 

6. 5 per cent. 

7. 2 yr. 9 mo. 6 da. 

9. $6.66. 
10. $7045. 



2d and 3rd Grades, 



March, 1888, Special. 



1. MCCXLIX. 

2. Divide the product by the given number and the quotient will be the other 

number. Reason, — The product was produced by multiplying together these 
two numbers. 

3. Rejecting equal factors from numbers sustaining to each other the relation of 

dividend and divisor. To shorten divisions by rejecting equal factors. 

4 5 13 00_L 

5. Phelps & Co., 

To Bauber & Perkins, Dr. 

To 15 reams of paper @ $4 $60 00 

" 20 M envelopes @ $3.70 54 00 



Rec'd Payment, 

Barber & Perkins. 
35 



$114 00 



State of New Yorx. 
uniform examination questions. 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 

6. Reduce I of a mile to integers of lower deuominations. 10 

7. A man failing in business had only $2100. He owed $6000. What per cent 

would his creditors receive? 10 

8. Find the interest on $475 for 1 year 3 months 24 days at 6 per cent. 10 

9. What is the present value of a note for .$750, due 1 year 6 months hence, at 

6 per cent, without interest? (True discount.) 10 

10. Bought 4 loads of hay, weighing 2750 lbs. each, at $20 per ton, and gave 
my note, without interest, at 60 days to pay it. What are the proceeds of 
the note, if discounted at a bank at 6 per cent? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 7, 1888. 

1. Write in words, 

9,014,008. 
800,079. 

Write in figures, 

Six billion, four million, forty-eight thousand, nine hundred sixty. 

Four million, seventy-live. 

Nine hundred thousand, six. 10 

2. Divide 96 ten-thousandths by 384 hundred-million ths. 10 

3. Goods marked $1.50 are sold at a discount of 40 per cent. What is the sell- 

ing price? 10 

4. John Smith bought of Clark & Jones, 

4 lb. 13 oz. beefsteak, @ 21 cents per lb. 
12 lb. bacon, @ 121 cents. 

Make a properly receipted bill of the above, dated at the time and place 
of this examination. 10 

5. A rectangular tank is 5 feet long, 2 feet wide and 2 feet deep. How many 

gallons of water will it hold? 10 

6. A man has a field of wheat containing 25 acres, which are 5 i)er cent of his 

whole farm. How many acres in his farm? 10 

7. Sold a horse for $240, thereby losing 20 per cent. Required the cost. 10 

8. A square piece of land contains 538,756 square rods. What is the length of 

one side? 10 

9. A pile of 4-foot wood is 16 feet long and 6 feet high. Required the cost at 

$5.50 per cord. 10 

10. What is the interest on $680.43 for 4 mo. and 12 da. at 5| per cent? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - May 5, 1888. 

1. Name in order, commencing at the left, the first five integral periods in 

Arabic notation. 10 

2. How many yards of carpet 27 inches wide are recpiired to carpet a room 27 

feet by 22 feet 6 inches? 10 

3. Find the cost of digging a cellar 30 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 5 feet deep, 

at 30 cents per cubic yard. • 10 

4. Define, («) common multiple ; Qi) abstract number. 10 

5. How is the principal found when only the time, rate, and interest are known? 10 

36 



State of New York. 
department of publig instruction. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - . March, 1888, Special. 

6. 248 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft. 8 in, 

7. 35;?;. 

8. $37,525. 

9. 688.07 +. 
10. 1108.845. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - ... - April 7, 1888. 

1. Nine million, fourteen thousand, eight. 

Eight hundred thousand, seventy-nine. 
6,004,048,960. 
4,000,075. 
900,006. 

2. 2,500. 

3. 90 cents. 

4. $2.51. Ordinary form of bill. 

5. 149.6 gallons. 

6. 500 acres. 

7. $300. 

8. 734 rods. 
D. $16.50. 

10. $13.72. 

2d and 3rd Grades, May 5, 1888. 

1. Trillions, billions, millions, thousands, units (or ones). 

2. 90 yards. 

3. $25. 

4. {a) A number that is exactly divisible by each of two or more given numbers. 
Qi) A number used without reference to objects or quantities. 

5. By dividing the known interest by the interest of one dollar for the given time, 

at the given rate 

37 



State of New York. 
uniform examina ti on questions. 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... May 5, 1888. 

6. Express decimally 121 per cent, f per cent, 24| per cent, Vj pei" cent, and ,j\ 

per cent. 10 

7. A commission merchant after paying $2.36 for freight and cartage, and deduct- 

ing his commission, remits me $22.22 as the net proceeds of a firkin of 
butter, consigned to him. Find his commission at 4 per cent. 10 

8. Find the true discount of $350 for 1 year 3 mouths and 18 days at 6 per 

cent per annum. 10 

9. "What is the difference in local time between two places, one of which is 

14" 26' west of St. Louis and the other 19" 19' east? 10 

10. Find the sum, the difference, and tiie product of 3| and |. 10 

2d and 3d Grades, --...- June, 1888. 

1. What was the value May 3, 1888, of a note for $125 and interest at 5 per 

cent per annum, made Jan. 4, 1887 ? 10 

2. Express in words the number composed of 3 units of the tenth order, 8 of 

the ninth, 5 of the seventh, and 4 of the third. 10 

3. Find the cost of 7 lb. 11 oz. of cheese at 13c. per pound. 10 

4. At an election A and B were the candidates for sheriff, and B received 1,211 

majority. If the whole number of votes cast was 9,891, how many votes 
did each receive ? 10 

5. Required the height of a tower that casts a shadow 21 ft., when under the 

same conditions of time and place a staff 10 ft. high casts a shadow 23 in. 10 

6. Reduce //^ mi. to integers of the lower denominations. 10 

7. Define («) concrete number; (?») denominate number; (c) compound number. 10 

8. On what principal will the interest for 2 yr. 6 mo. 15 da., at 4 per cent, 

amount to $25.01 ? 10 

9. I have added 18 cows to my herd thereby increasing its number 25 per cent. 

How many cows have I now ? 10 

10. Wily does the value of a fraction remain unclianged when both terms are 

multiplied by the same number ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . August 14, 1888. 

1. Reduce to decimals and find their sum f, ^, |f, ^W- ^^ 

2. Reduce to common fractions .0125, .061^, .067|, .006325. 10 

3. By what number must 30f be multiplied to produce 604i? 10 

4. Divide 320 acres of land among A, B, and C, so that A shall have 15 acres 

more than B, and C shall have 27 acres more than B. 10 

5. From 10 bu. subtract the sum of 3.G4 bu., ^^^ bu., and 1 bu. 3 pk, 6.52 (jt. 10 

6. At 90 cents a yard, what will be the cost of a carpet for a flight of stairs of . 

18 steps, each 7| inches high and 10 inches wide ? 10 

7. Add 137 days to Aug. 14th, and give the resulting date. 10 

8. Four men hire a ])asture field together. The first pastures 4 cows 18 weeks; 

the second, 5 cows 12i weeks; the third, 11 cows 6f weeks; and the 
fourth, 9 cows 16 weeks. What part of the rent should each pay ? 10 

9. i is what per cent of i? 10 

10. Find the interest on $1 for 3 yr. 1 mo. 29 da. at 5 per cent per annum. 10 

38 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 



ARITHMETIC— Answers. 



2d and 3rd Grades, 

6. .125- .0075; .24875; .0028; .0009375. 

7. $1.02. 

8. $25.32 

9. 2 lir. 15 mill. 

10. Suin4f|; difference, 2fi; product, 2Sf. 



May 5, 1888. 



2d 

1. 
2. 
3. 

4. 
5. 
6. 

7. 



and 3d Grades, . . - _ . 
$133.32. 

Three billion, eight hundred five million, four hundred. 



Jtme, 1888. 



A received 4,340 votes; B, 5,551. 

10941 ft 

78 rd. 4 yd. 4^ in. 

{a) A number associated with objects or quantities, (h) A concrete number 

that expresses a single denomination of weight, measure, or money value. 

(c) A number tliat e.xpresses two or more denominations of the same kind of 

weight, measure, or money value. 

8. $246. 

9. 90. 

10. Because ^ne number of equal parts expressed by the resulting fraction is in- 
creased in the same ratio that the size of the parts is diminislied . 

2d and 3rd Grades, August 14, 1888. 

1. 1.299609375. 

O 1 1 Bl a 5 « 
*■ Iff' T5'' WSS' TO (I* 

3. 19^?^. 

4. A 107 A. 106f sq. rd.— or 107| A. 

B 92 A. 106| sq. rd.— or 92| A. 
C 119 A. 106f sq. rd.— or 119f A. 

5. 3 bu. 3 pk. 3 qt. 

6. $7.88. 

7. December 29th. 

8. First man should pay ^£4r, of the whole. The second, ^VA- The third, J^, 

And the fourtli, ^|. 

9. 66| per cent. 
10. $.15^1. 

39 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tl on q ues ti0n8. 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . September 1, 1888. 

1. Find the value of a trapezoidal field whose parallel sides are 12 ch. 41 1. and 

17 ch. 87 1., and whose altitude is 13 ch. 5 1., at $58 per acre. 10 

2. A reservoir 8 f t. x 4 ft. x 3 ft. 9 in., holds how many barrels of water ? 10 

3. Explain the different quantities expressed respectively by 34' 37", and 24 
min. 37 sec. 10 

4. Define («) uniform scale; Qi) varying scale. Illustrate each by a number in- 

volving it. 10 

5. A farmer sold 48.64 acres of his farm of 112 A. 96 sq. rd. What per cent 

of his farm had he left ? 10 

6. Find the cost of a pile of 4-foot wood 37 ft. long and ft. high, at $5.50 

per cord. 10 

7. What is the interest on $128.40 for 1 yr. 5 mo. 17 da. at 6 per cent? 10 

8. Required {a) all the prime factors of 23,660; (h) all the odd integral divisors 

of the same number. 10 

9. Find the diagonal of a square park containing 20 acres. 10 
10. Reduce to simplest form {a) f of ^ of 2|; {l)-^ 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 11, 1888. 

1. Find the amount of an agent's sales when his commission at 5 per cent 

amounts to $37.65. 10 

2. The tax on an assessment of $8,500 is $48.37. Required the rate on $1,000 

of assessment. 10 

3. A note is made and dated Sept. 11, 1888, and is made payable in 90 days. 

Find the date of maturity. 10 

4. Give the general principles of division. 10 

5. What is the ratio of 5 bu. to 3 pk. 6 qt? 10 

6. If 45 horses eat 1^ tons of hay in 30 days, how many tons should last 84 

horses 56 days ? 10 

7. The list price of a certain kind of stove is $38, and the retail dealer is al- 

lowed commercial discounts of 20 per cent, 5 per cent, and 3 jier cent. 
What price does he pay for the stoves ? 10 

8. Find the area of a triangle whose base is 22 ft. 8 in. and altitude 19 ft. 9 in. 10 

9. A car contains 31,643 pounds of wheat. Find the value of tlie load at 93 

cents per bushel. 10 

10. On a note made and dated June 3, 1887, for $150 and interest, is indorsed a 
payment of $78, April 17, 1888. Interest at 6 per cent. How much 
remains due on the note to-day ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - October 6, 1888. 

1. Express with proper abbreviations — twenty-four square miles, two hundred 

eighty-six acres, ninety-five square rods, twenty-two square yards, five 
s(juare feet. 10 

2. Reduce the number above given to acres, expressed decimally. 10 

3. What fractional part of SU'V is l^f? 10 

4. Define {a) prime number; (A) involution. 10 

40 



State of New York. 
department of public ins t it uc t ion. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... September 1, 1888. 

1. $1,145.95. 

2. 38||f barrels. 

3. 24' 37" is a measure of distance on the surface of a sjjhere or of angular space. 

24 min. 37 sec. is a measure of time, or duration. 

4. A uniform scale is one in which the variation or step from any unit to the next 

greater is by the same multiplier. A varying scale is one in which some or 
all the steps are by different multipliers. 

Ex. 1. 3,475, — uniform scale, 10. Ex. 2. 24 mi. 16 rd. 4 ft. 9 in., — varying 
scale, descending, 320, 164, 12, 

5. 56|f| per cent remaining. 

6. $27.84. 

7. $11.28. 

8. (a) 2, 2, 5, 7, 13, 13. {h) 5, 7, 13, 35, 65, 91, 169, 455, 845, 1,183, 5,915. 

9. 80 rods. 

10. {a) If. (&) A\. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 11, 1888. 

1. 1753. 

2. $5.69. 

3. Dec. 13th. 

4. Multiplying the dividend by any number multiples the quotient by the same 

number. 

Multiplying the divisor by any number divides the quotient by the same number. 

Dividing the dividend by any number divides the quotient by the same number. 

Dividing the divisor by any number multiplies the quotient by the same number. 

Multiplying or dividing both dividend and divisor by the same number does 

not change the quotient. 

5. 5i. 

6. '5H tons. 

7. $28.01. 

8. 223 sq. ft. 120 sq. in. 

9. $331.86. 
10. $81.77. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . October 6, 1888. 

1. 24 sq. mi. 286 A. 95 sq. rd. 22 sq. yd. 5 sq. ft. 

2. 15,646.598 + A. 
Q leo 

4. A prime number is one that cannot be resolved into integral factors. 
Involution is the process of raising a number to any required power. 

41 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tion q uesti0n8. 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... October 6, 1888. 

5. Reduce 4|i| to its lowest terms. 10 

6. What elements are required to find the per cent of gain or loss in a business 

transaction? Illustrate by original problem. 10 

7. Railroad stock that cost 121f pays a semi-annual dividend of four per cent. 

Required the rate per cent per annum of income on the investment. 10 

8. Find the solid contents of a cube the area of one face of which is 256 square 

feet. 10 

9. A certain quantity of paper will make 4,000 copies of an octavo book. How 

many copies of a 12-mo book will the same paper make? 10 

10. In what time will a note for $200, drawing 51 per cent interest, double 

itself? " 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . November 3, 1888. 

1. Two persons start from the same place and travel in opposite directions, one 

at the rate of 4|^ miles an hour and the other at the rate of 7f miles an 
hour. How far apart will they be at the end of 37| hours? 10 

2. If a ton of coal last a family 21 days, what will be the cost of coal used by 

it from Oct. 17, 1888, to April 25, 1889, exclusive of either day named, at 
$4.50 a ton? 10 

3. In a hotel the weekly wages of the clerk are $15, of the cook $7.50, of the 

])orter $9, of the waiter $3, of the hostler $6, and of the errand boy $4. 
Find the average wages paid. 10 

4. Require the cost of 11,723 feet of lumber at $19.25 per M. 10 

5. Reduce 217 ft. 8 in. to chains and links. 10 

6. A man was born May 24, 1832. What is his age to-day? 10 

7. Find the cost of plastering the walls and ceiling of a hall 72 feet long, 50 

ft. wide, and 22 ft. high, at 18f cents a square yard, allowing 972 sq. ft. 
for openings and baseboards. 10 

8. Find the cost of 87 shares of railroad stock at 76^, brokerage | per cent. 10 

9. A sight draft on New York was sold in St. Louis for $3,542, exchange 

being at f per cent premium. Required the face of the draft, alio wing- 
no days of grace. 5 

10. Find the exact interest of $625 for 23 days, at 8 per cent per annum. 10 

11. If a promissory note become due to-day, and be not paid before noon, when 

must it be paid? 5 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 5. 1889. 

1. Define {a) a fraction; (h) an improper fraction. 10 

2. Express in Arabic notation, five trillion, twenty billion, seven hundred forty 

thousand. 10 

3. Multiply 17| + 13| by % of 27. 10 

4. Find the cost of 3,846 pounds of hay at $15 per ton. 10 

5. Find tlie greatest common divisor of 42, 112, 140, and 308 by factoring; the 

least common multiple of the same numbers by factoring, 10 

42 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 
2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - . October 6, 1888. 

6. The cost and the gain or the loss. (Problems will vary.) 

7. 6f|f per cent per annum. 

8. 4,096 en. ft. 

9. 6,000 copies. 

10. 18 yr. 2 mo. 6 da. (No parts of days recognized.) 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - • - - November 3, 1888. 

1. 45 3i miles. 

2. $40.50. 

3. $7,411 per week. 

4. $225.67. 

5. 3 ch. 29.8 1., nearly. 

6. 56 yr. 5 mo. 9 da, 

7. $166.58. 

8. $6,644.63. 

9. $3,515.63, face of draft. 

10. $3.15. 

11. Monday, November 5. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . January 5, 1889. 

1. ((f) A fraction is one or more of the equal parts of an integral unit — or a fraction 

is a fractional unit or a collection of fractional units. (Ji) One whose nume- 
rator equals or exceeds its denominator. 

2. 5,020,000,740,000. 

3. 637i. 

4. $28.85. 

5.42=2x3x7. ' 2 x 7=14, G. C. D. 

112=2x2x2x2x7. 2x2x2x2x3x5x7x11 = 18,480, L. 

140=2x2x5x7. CM. 

308=2x2x7x11. 

43 



State of New York. 

UNI F OHM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- January 5, 1889. 

G. Make and solve a problem involving compound proportion. 10 

7. What is the length of the diagonal of a square field containing 40 acres? 10 

8. Required the cost of 75 scantlings, 2 in. by 4 in. by 16 ft. long at $12 per M. 

board measure. 10 

9. The premium on a fire insurance policy at f of 1 per cent was $140. Re- 

quired the face of the policy. 10 

10. A note for $324.61, and interest, amounted to $384.13, 2 yr. 7 mo. 13 da. 

after date, when it was paid. Required the rate per cent per annum. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- February 2, 1889. 

1. Define (rt) Reduction Ascending; (l) a varying scale. 10 

2. (rt) Write with proper signs the following number: One sign, eleven degrees, 

forty minutes, and sixteen seconds, {b) Write in words: 5ft)83,43. 10 

3. Make and solve an example illustrating (a) the multiplication of a fraction by 

a fraction; (b) the division of an integer by a fraction. 10 

4. Reduce 17 lb. 11 oz. avoirdupois weight to pounds, ounces, penny weights, 

and grains, Troy weight. 10 

5. Give the term in the classification of numbers, associated with («) concrete; 

Q)) fractional; (c) odd; {d) composite; {e) simple. Write a number or 
numbers to illustrate each of the foregoing terms. 10 

6. Reduce the couplet, f : -f-^, to its lowest integral terms. 10 

7. Find the square root of .441 correct to two decimal places. 10 

8. How many acres of land in the form of a square may be inclosed by 160 

rods of fence? 10 

9. 3 bu. 1 pk. 5 qt. is what per cent of 20 bu. 1 pk. 6 qt.? 10 

10. Find the difference between the true discount of $650 for 4 mo, 18 da., at 6 
per cent per annum, and the bank discount of the same sum for the same 
time and rate. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . - . March 2, 1889. 

1. Define (rt) interest; (^") a decimal. 10 

2. (a) Write in words MMMCMXLTV; (5) using the proper abbreviations, 

write a number containing all the denominations of surveyor's linear 
measure, and one containing all the denominations of square measure. 10 

3. Find the product (rt) of 224 bu. by 19.32; (i) of 22i times 19.32 bu. 10 

4. Reduce the expression f =|| to the form of a proportion. 10 

5. Find the number of days from to-day to August 11, 1889. 10 

6. M bought -i- of a manufacturing business for $3,517.85, and N bought yV of 

the same business at tlie same rate, llow much did N*s interest cost him? 10 

7. Find the interest of $1,000 for 19 days at 5 ,';; per annum. 10 

8. 3 oz. is what per cent of 5 lb. avoir ? 10 

9. Write two composite numbers each greater than 30 that are prime to each 

other. Show why. 10 

10. Make and solve a problem illustrating the application of square root in find- 
ing the side of a right angled triangle. 10 

44 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF P UBLl O IN8TR UGTION. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . January 5, 1889. 

6. Answers will vary. Note that tlie problem may have either cue or two compound 

ratios. 

7. 113.13+ rd. ; or, 113rd. 3.14+ ft. 

8. $9.60. 

9. $16,000. 

10. 7 per cent per auuum. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . February 2, 1889. 

1. («) The process of chauging numbers to higher deuowainatious. 

(b) A series of numbers not uniform, used to denote the number of units of each 
denomination in a denominate table, that is equal to one of the next higher. 
3. (a) 1 S. 11° 40' 16". 

(b) Five pounds, eight drams, four scruples. 

3. No answers required. 

4. 31 lb. 5 oz. 18 pwt. 30.5 grains. 

5. (rt) Abstract, (b) Integral. (<;) Even, {cl) Prime, (e) Compound. 
Illustrative examples, («) 7 men. (5) |. (c) 19. {d) 13. (e) 13, or 13 oz. 

6. 13 :5. (Process f :^=f x 38 -.-iT; x 38-=13 :5.) Principle,— Multiplying both terms 

of a couplet by the same number does not affect the ratio. 

7. .66 + . 

8. 10 acres. 

9. IGf per cent. 
10. $.34. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . - - - March 2, 1889. 

1. {a) Interest is a sum allowed for the use of money. (&) A decimal is a division 

or subdivision of an integral unit upon a scale of 10. 
3. (a) Three thousand nine hundred forty-four. (?>). .mi., .ch. . .rd. . .1. ..ini and 

. . A. . . sq. rd. . . sq. yd. . . sq. ft. . . sq. in. 

3. (a) 234 bu. multiplied by 19^V, /. e., 19.33=436^^ bu. {h) 19.33 bu. multiplied by 

334=436.08 bu. 

4. 5 : 7:: 40 : 50. 

5. 39 da. + 30 da. + 31 da. + 30 da. + 31 da. + 11 da. = 162 da. 

6. $3,999.34. 

7. $2.60, exact interest. $3.64, on basis of 360 days to the year. 

8. 3| per cent. 

9. Any two such numbers that have no common integral factor. 
10. Answers may differ. 

45 



State of New York. 

UN J F EM EX A MINA TION QUE S TI NS . 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 12, 1889. 

1. Define (a) compound number; (Z*) odd number; (c) composite number. "Write 

an example of each. 10 

2. (<•/) Write decimally five-eightlis of one per cent, (h) Write as a fraction 

the ratio of eight to three. 10 

3. Add I hr., 20| miu., and 49.2 sec. Express the answer in minutes and 

seconds. 10 

4. Find the difference in time corresponding to a difference in longitude of 

7° 42' 30". 10 

5. Multiply eight hundred and forty-six ten-thousandths by three thousand 

forty millionths. 10 

6. A number is expressed by eleven integral and four decimal figures. Name 

in order from left to right the integral periods and the decimal places. 10 

7. What decimal part of a mile is 39 . 27 yd. ? 10 

8. My agent collects the yearly rent of my house and retains $13.25, the amount of 

his commission at 2^ per cent. For how much does the house rent per year? 10 

9. A rectangular field is 7 ch. 25 1. long, and contains 5 acres. How wide is 

the fieid ? 10 

10. Make and solve a problem illustrating how the principal is found when the inter- 
est, rate per annum, and time are known, using 1 yr. 1 mo. 1 da. as the time. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ■- - - - - April 6, 1889. 

1. Define {a) common factor ; {]>) common multiple ; (c) diagonal of a quadrilateral. 10 

2. In the written number 54,372, the value expressed by the 5 is how many 

times the value expressed by the 2? 10 

3. How many times can a jar holding J of | of a gallon be filled from another 

jar containing f of 3^ gallons ? 10 

4. A watch case is y^^ gold and jV alloy. How many carats fine is it ? 10 

5. The sum of two numbers is 12 bu. 1 pk. 3 (jt., and their difference is 1 bu. 

2 ])k. 5 (|t. What are the numbers 1 10 

0. Find tiie ratio expressed (a) by the couplet 66| : 8^; (&) by the couplet 1 1 in. : 5 ft. 10 

7. The volume of a rectangular prism is 5 cu. yd. 1 cu. ft. 290 cu. in. , and its 

length is 8 ft. 2 in. Find the other dimensions. 10 

8. How many feet of lumber are there in a board 16 feet long, 15 inches wide 

at one end, and 13 inches wide at the other ? 10 

9. Make and solve a problem illustrating the a2:)plication of percentage to the 

finding of an agent's commission. 10 

10. What is due to-day on a note given September 24, 1887, for !j;l38.50 and 

interest at 5 i)er cent per annum ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, -....- May 4, 1889. 

1. What is a composite number ? A rectangle ? 10 

2. How is the value of a fraction changed by increasing its denominator ? Why? 10 

3. Divide .75 of 17| by | of .035. 10 

4. Make and solve a jiroblem to illustrate reduction descending; one to illus- 

trate reduction ascending. 10 

46 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 12, 1889. 

1. (a) A number expressed in two or more denominations of the same table. 

(J) A number ending in 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9. {c) A number that cau be resolved 
in two or more integral factors. 

Ex. {a) 4 lb. 5 oz. (h) 79. (c) 48. 

2. (a) . 00625. (J>) f . 

3. 47 miu. I23-5 sec. 

4. 30 min. 50 sec. 

5. 800. 0046X. 003040 = 2. 432013984. 

6. Billions, millions, thousands, units, tenths, hundredths, thousandths, ten- 

thousandths. 

7. .0223125 mi. 

8. $530. 

9. 6 ch. 89.6+1. 

10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . April 6, 1889. 

1. (a) A factor that is found in two or more given numbers. (!)) A number that is 

exactly divisible by two or more given numbers, (c) A line connecting its 
opposite angl 

2. 25,000 times. 

3. 15 times, 

4. 14 carats. 

5. The greater number is 7 bu., and the less is 5 bu. 1 pk. 3 qt. 

6. (a) 8. © U- 

7. Width aud thickness are each 4 ft. 1 in. 

8. 18|. 

9. Answers may differ. 
10. $149.12. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ...... May 4, 1889. 

1. A number that can be resolved into two or more integral factors. A four-sided 

figure or surface all of whose angles are right augles. 

2. It is diminished. Because the equal parts enumerated are smaller. 

3. 472iV5, or 472. 098-1- 

4. Answers will differ. 

47 



State of New York. 
unif 11 m ex a mika ti on q ues t i ons. 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ...... May 4, 1889. 

5. Find the common prime factors of 858, 1,518, and 5,874. 10 

6. If 4 men eat 64 pounds of bread in 2 weeks, how many pounds will IG men 

eat in 7 weeks, at the same rate ? 10 

7. Raise 16 to the fourth power, using but two multiplications. 10 

8. How many perch of stone are required for the walls of a cellar 18 ft. by 

16 ft. by 8 ft., the walls to be la feet thick, making no deduction for 
corners, and estimating the perch to ecjual 24f cubic feet ? 10 

9. A hotel is insured for | of its value, at H per cent premium, and the pre- 

mium amounts to $150. Find the valuation of the hotel. 10 

10. Find the interest on $350 for 1 yr. 10 mo. 30 da., at 6 per cent, by two different 
methods. 



BOOK-KEEPING. 



1st Grade, ... - - March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Rule form of (a) day book ; (b) ledger, 20 

3. James Miller bought of us on account, March 10, 1888, 10 lb. sugar at 1\ 
cts., 3 bu. potatoes at 60 cts., 50-lb. sack of flour, $1.70, 3 bars of soap, 35 
cts., ^ lb. of tea at 80 cts., and \ gal. N. O, molasses at 90 cts. March 14, 
1888, he pays us on account $3.50. 
Enter the foregoing in the ruled form of day book and post to the ruled form 
of ledger. 40 

3. If A and B keep accounts with each other, the items on the Cr. side of the 

account kept by B will be found where in the account kept by A? 10 

4. What cash items are entered in the Dr. column of the cash book? 10 

5. What is meant by the book of original entry? 10 

6. We receive $35 of Amos Brown this day and place. Write him a receipt 

for the same. 10 

1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. What is an invoice book? 10 

3. August ], 1888. Cash on hand, $361.35; received for petty sales, $89.76; 
received of John Rich on account, $37.50; paid store rent, $60; received 
for Wm. Seeley's note, $203.73; paid express charges, 90 cents; paid Enz 
& Miller on account, $119.65. 
Rule a form of a cash book. 10 

3. Enter the foregoing statement. 10 

4. Balance the account. 10 

5. A merchant buys goods to the amount of $516.30, and gives his note in pay- 

ment. Is the transaction a matter of account? Why? 10 

6. Draw a clieck on the First National Bank of Albany for fifty dollars, pay- 

able to tlie order of Howard Finch. 10 

48 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ---.-. May 4, 18S9. 

5. 3, 3, and 11. 

6. 896 pounds. 

7. 16X16=256; and 256x256=65,536. 

8. 32f| perch. 

9. $15,000. 

10. Interest; $28.33. Processes may differ. 



BOOK-KEEPING.— Answers. 



1st Grade, .... - March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. No answer required. 

2. No answer required. 

3. They will be found on tlie Dr. side. 

4. Items of cash received. 

5. The book in which an item of account is first entered. 

6. Answer according to any well-established form. 

1st Grade, .-..-. May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. An indexed book in which are entered (generally by pasting) the invoices (or 

bills) of goods purchased. 

2, 3, 4. See any approved forms. 

5. No. The creditor has accepted the note in payment. 

C. $50. , , M<(>j 5, 1888. 

First N.vtional Bank, 

Albany, N. Y, 
Pay to Howard Finch, or order, 

Fifty Dollars. 

JoHx Doe. 
49 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

BOOK-KEEPING. 

1st Grade, ------ May 4 and 5, 1888. 

7-8. August 1, 1888, J. H. Osgood & Co. of Buffalo, N. Y., sold Mrs. C. 
K. Mills 18 yards of silk at ^$1.70 per yard, 21 dozen Ijuttons at 80 cents 
per dozen, 32 yards of carpet at 83 cents per yard, and 3 pairs of window 
curtains at $3.25 per pair. 
Make bill of sale to Mrs. Mills, using proper abbreviations. 20 

9. Receipt the bill for the firm. 10 

10. A pays for a bill of goods by note at GO days, dated July 7, 1888. Find 

when the note becomes due. 10 

1st Grade, _ - - . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. In real accounts what are represented («) by credits; (!>) by debits? 10 

2. Write a note for $75 and interest, payable in six months, at the First 

National Bank of Albany, N. Y., negotiable by endorsement, maker, 
(Villiam Douglass, payee, Henry L. Warren. 10 

3. Required that the note above given be endorsed in full to George Wilson. 10 
4-5. Rule form {a) of day book; (li) of cash l)ook. 20 
6-7. Enter in ruled forms of day book and cash book, for Henry Perkins, 

the following transactions: (a) Aug. 14, 1888. Henry Perkins bought of 
Miller & Bros., on account, 20 firkins of butter, 2,095 pounds at 22 cents 
per pound. (//) Aug. 20, 1888. Henry Perkins paid Miller & Bros., on 
account |350. 20 

8. On which side of a cash account must the balance be entered? 10 

9. Give the rule for ascertaining net capital. 10 
10. Wliat are liabilities? 10 

1st Grade, - - - - March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Define (rt) debit; (?y) balance. 10 

2. Write a promissory note dated to-day, payable to the order of yourself at a 

bank, non-interest bearing, time sixty days. 10 

3. Indorse the foregoing described note in full. 10 

4. Give the date of maturity of the same. 10 

5. Write the abbreviations or conventions in common use for account, credit, 

amount, day book, interest. 10 

6-10. James Lester, dealer in general merchandise, does business on account 
with Henry Slocum as follows: 

March 1, 1889, he sells Slocum 2 pairs of shoes at $3.25 and $2.50, 
respectively; 1 hat at $1.75 ; 22 yards of muslin at 8'/; 50 pounds of flour 
(f^ $3.10 per lunidred. March 5, 1889, he sells Slocum 15 pounds of sugar 
at 7^'; 2poundsof cofTeeat33/; 1 pair of overalls at $.75. Marcii 10, 1889, 
Slocum works for Lester one day at $1.50. To-day Slocum pays Lester 
cash to balance the account. 

What books should Mr. Lester use in entering tlie foregoing? 10 

Rule the forms for these books. 10 

Make the i)roper entries. 20 

Show the account finally balanced. 10 

50 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

BOOK-KEEPING.— Answers. 



May 4 and 5, 1888. 



1st Grade, -.-... 

7, 8. See any approved form. 

9. Received paymeut. 

J. H. Osgood & Co. 

per (Name of person examined). 

10. Sept. 8, 1888. 

1st Grade, . . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. lu real accounts, credits represent either sums paid to us or goods sold to us, on account, bj 
the part)- with whom we keep the account; debits, money paid by us or goods sold by us, 
on account, to the party with whom we keep the account. 

2. Srs.OO.^ , N. Y., Aug. 14, 18SS. 

Six months after date, I promise to pay to the order of Henry L. Warrenj seventy-tive 
dollars, with interest, at the First National Bank of Albanv, N. Y. Value received. 

WILLIAM DOUGLASS. 







a 










^ 


CJ 


o 


bfl 


^ 


c 


o 




>.^ 


Sa 








c^ 


° 


3 



4-5. See any approved form. 

6-7. Account is headed " Miller and Bros." 

(a) Entered on credit side of day book. 

(b) Entered on debit side of day book, and on credit side of cash book. (See approved forms.) 

8. On the credit side of account. 

9. Subtract total liabilities from total assets. 

10. Debts that we owe — whether on account or bills payable. 



1st Grade, 



March 12 and 13, 1889. 



1. (a) An entry denoting value parted with to another or lost from the business. 

(J)) Tlie footing of an account liaving only one side, or the difference in the 
footings of one having two sides. 

2. ($100.00.) (Albany, N. Y.), Mar. 13, 1889. 

Sixty days after date, we jointly and severally promise to pay to the order 
of (John Doe) (one hundred dollars) at the (First National Bank of Albany, 
N. y.) Value received. /Tnos. Crane. \ 

V Peter Sands./ 



O t-O " 



4. May 15, 1889. 

5. o^c or acct. Or. Arat. D. B. int. 
6-10. Day book, cash book, and ledger. 

See any approved forms. 

See any approved metliods of entry. (Note particularly the use of abbrevia- 
tions or conventions.) 
See any approved form of ledger accounts. 

51 



State of New York. 

UNI B' OEM EXA JflNA TION QUES TIOXS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1st Grade, . . . . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. What legal requirement must county officers comply with before entering 

upon the duties of their offices? 10 

2. What is a deed ? A mortgage ? 10 

3. What is the highest United States court ? Of how many judges is it com- 

posed ? ' 10 

4. In which branch of Congi'ess must bills for raising revenue originate ? 10 

5. What is the fundamental law of this State ? Of the United States ? 10 

6. What is meant by the "elective franchise"? Name two classes who are 

wholly deprived of it. 10 

7. State two similarities existing between the government of this State and 

that of the United States. 10 

8. What is the difference in the manner of choosing the judges of the courts of 

this State, and those of the United States courts ? 10 

9. Where does the treaty-making power in the United States Government reside? 10 
10. What is a corporation? Name two kinds. 10 

1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. Wliat is meant by impeachment ? 10 

2. Where does the sole power of impeachment reside in the government of tlie 

United States ? 10 

3. What is a mayor ? What is a common council ? 10 

4. What advantage would be supposed to follow from having the legislative 

department of a government consists of two branches or bodies instead 

of one ? 10 

5. What qualification is prescribed by the Constitution for voters for Members 

of Congress ? 10 

6. How often is there a new Congress ? 10 

7. How may a foreigner become a citizen ? 10 

8. What is an indirect tax ? Give an example. 10 

9. Name one privilege that a territorial representative in Congress is allowed 

and one that he is denied. 10 

10. How many congressional districts are there in this State ? 10 
1st Grade, - . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. How are postmasters of the more important post-offices appointed ? 10 

2. Give the names of live county offices. 10 

3. How may a bill, which has been vetoed by the President, become a law ? 10 

4. Name one of the duties of the Lieutenant-Governor of this State. 10 

5. What is the title of the highest judicial office of a county? 10 

6. Where is the government of the District of Columbia vested ? 10 

7. What is the constitutional requirement for eligibility to tlie office of Presi- 

dent of the U. S., as to residence ? 10 

8. Of how many members does our State Senate consist ? 10 

9. How long must an alien reside in this country before he can become a citizen ? 10 
10. How is this State prohibited from making a treaty with a foreign nation ? 10 

52 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTItUCTION. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

1st Grade, . . . . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. They must take the oath of office. 

2. A conveyance of tlie ownership of land by one party to another, etc. An in- 

strument giving security upon property for the payment of money due. 

3. The Supreme Court. Nine. 

4. House of Representatives. 

5. The Constitution of the State of New York. The Constitution of the United 

States. 

6. Freedom to vote at all elections where qualified by law. Any two of the following: 

Minors, Persons convicted of State prison offenses. Indians not taxed. Aliens. 

7. No definite answer can be given here. 

8. In this State tliey are elected by the people, except in case of vacancy in ofSce. 

In the United States they are appointed by the President and confirmed by 
the Senate. 

9. With the President and Senate. 

10. A society of persons authorized by law to transact business" as an individual. 

1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. An accusation against a public officer, charging him with crime or misdemeanor. 

2. In the House of Representatives. 

3. The chief executive officer of a city. The legislative body of a city. 

4. One body ought to be a check upon the other and so prevent unwise or hasty 

legislation. 

5. They must be entitled to vote for the most numerous branch of the State Legis- 

lature where they reside. 

6. Once in every two years. 

7. By residence in this country and naturalization. 

8. A tax on articles consumed, but not collected directly from the consumer. 

eg., A duty on sugar. 

9. He is allowed to speak, but not to vote. 
10. Thirty-four. 

1st Grade, . . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. They are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. 
2. 

3. It must pass both branches of Congress by a two-thirds vote. 
4. 

5. County judge. 

6. In Congress. 

7. He must have been a resident of the United States for at least fourteen 

years. 

8. Tliirty-two. 

9. Five years. 

10. By the Constitution of the United States. 

53 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1st Grade, . . - - - March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Mention a provision of tlie Constitution of the United States giving the 

leffislative branch of the o-overnment the power to restrain or limit the 
executive. ^" 

2. Mention two respects in which our system of government is better than that 

of Great Britain. lt> 

3. Mention three necessary steps in tlie passage of a bill, before it can become 

a law of the United States. 10 

4. How may a State be divided into two or more States ? 10 

5. What officers are the legal advisers of tlie President ? How are they chosen? 10 

6. Can a State make a treaty with another State or nation? Give reasons for 

your answer. 10 

7. What is a notary public ? 10 

8. Name three of the great divisions of the courts in this State. 10 

9. What is the general duty of a district attorney ? 10 
10. How may the salary of the Governor of this State be increased ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 7, 1888. 

1. What is the term of office in the State of New York of (a) the Governor? (7)) 

State Senators? (c) Members of Assembly? (d) State Treasurer? (e) Super- 
intendent of Public Instruction? 20 

2. (a) Explain the difference between an election by a majority and an election 

by a plurality, (h) Which is required for election of a school commis- 
sioner? 20 

3. If a State has seven electoral votes, how many members of the House of 

Kepresentativcs has it? 20 

4. What is the title of the chief executive officer of (n) the United States? (l) 

a State? (c) a county? (d) a town in this State? (e) a city? (/) a village? (a) 

a school district? 20 

5. What officials are elected by the Legislature of this State on joint ballot? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, - ... February, 1888. 

1. Mention one duty of each of the following officers: {a) justice of the peace; 

ib) supervisor; (c) county clerk; (d) Member of Assembly. 40 

2. How is a supervisor elected? For how long time? 20 

3. Mention two duties of the district clerk and two of the collector. 20 

4. What is the chief duty of the Lieutenant-Governor of this State? 10 

5. How is the number of members of the United States Senate determined? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, March 3, 1888. 

1. What is the title of the presiding officer of the House of Representatives? 

How is he chosen? 10 

2. What is the title of the presiding officer of the United States Senate? IIow 

is he chosen? 10 

3. Which of the President's Cabinet is charged with administration of foreign 

affairs? 10 

54 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction, 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

1st Grade, _ . . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Answers may differ. 
3. Answers may differ. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. By the concurrent action of Congress and the Legishatwre of the State. 

5. They are nominated by tlie President, and confirmed by the Senate. 

6. No. The Constitution forbids it. 

7. An officer nominated by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate, who is 

authorized to administer oaths and take acknowledgments. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. He is the attorney for the county. 
10. By amending the Constitution. 

2d and 3rd Grades, • - - - January 7, 1888. 

1. (rt) Three years, (b) Two years, {c) One year. {<!) Two years, (e) Three years. 

2. {a) A majority is more than one-half of all the votes cast, while a plurality is 

more votes than any other candidate receives, {h) A plurality only. 

3. Five. 

4. {a) President, (h) Governor, {c) Sheriff, {d) Supervisor, (e) Mayor. (/) 

President of the village, {g) Trustee. 

5. United States Senators, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Regents of 

the University. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . February, 1888. 

1. {a) To issue bis warrant for the arrest, of persons charged with crime, (h) To hold and pay 

out the public school monej-s upon the order of school trustees, (f) To record deeds, mort- 
gages, etc., in the proper books kept in his office, {d) To assist in making new laws and in 
revising old ones. 

2. By the voters of the town at the annual town meeting for one year. 

3. To record the proceedings at each school meeting, and to issue notices of such meetings. To 

collect school taxes, and to hold moneys raised by tax until ordered to pay them out by the 
scViool trustee. 

4. To preside over the sessions of the Senate. 

5. There are two elected from each of the thirty-eight States of the Union. 

2d and 3rd Grades, March 3, 1888. 

1. The Speaker; by the Members of the House. 

3. The Vice-President; by Electors chosen by the people. 

3. The Secretary of State. 

55 



State of New York. 

VNIF It M EX A MINA TION Q UE 8 T IONS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2ci and 3d Grades, . . . . - March 3, 1888. 

4. Why should tlie Constitution forbid tlie passage of an ex post facto law? 10 

5. What is the highest military title in our country? 10 

6. How are Governors of territories appointed? 10 

7. What is a congressional district? 10 

8. Why is greater honor attached to tlie office of State Senator than to that of 

Member of Assembly? 10 

9. What limitations do the National and State Constitutions place upon the ap- 

pointing powers of the chief executives? 10 
10. In what way do tlie National and State Constitutions make chief executives 

responsible for legislation? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 13, 1888. 

1. In what way does the United States Government secure funds with which to 

meet its expenses? 20 

2. How many Members of the Assembly in this State? Of the State Senate? 

How many members of the United States Senate? 20 

3. What officials constitute a totcn hoard in this State? 20 

4. Give two legal qualifications necessary to make a man eligible to office of U. 

S. Senator. 20 

5. How is a vacancy in the office of Member of Congress filled? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 

1. Name the three departments of the United States Government and state of 

what each is composed. 30 

2. What is the term of office of the President of the United States ? Of United 

States Senators? 10 

3. What are the duties of assessors? 10 

4. Name five duties of the school commissioner. 25 

5. Define State, county, township, election district and school district. 25 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . - - - April 7, 1888. 

1. Mention five State officers of this State who are elected by the people. 10 

2. By what means may a village become a city? 10 

3. Conviction requires how many votes of a trial jury? 10 

4. By whom are Governors of territories chosen? 10 

5. Name the Member of Assembly from your district. 10 

6. Name the State Senator representing your district. 10 

7. Name the counties composing the Senatorial district. 10 

8. Name your Representative in Congress. 10 

9. Name the counties composing the Congressional district. 10 
10. How many days are allowed the Governor to consider a bill, while the Leg- 
islature is in session ? 10 

56 



State of New York. 
department of public insteuction. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

2d. and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 3, 1888. 

4. Because it would be unjust to condemn a man for violating a law not in exis- 

tence at the time tlie act was committed. 

5. General. 

6. By the President with the approval of the Senate. 

7. A portion of a State entitled by law to send a Representative to Congress. 

8. Because he represents a much larger constituency, and he is elected for a longer 

term. 

9. His appointments must be approved by the Senate. 
10. It gives them the power of veto, 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . March 13, 1888. 

1. Principally, by collecting duties on imported goods, and by taxing the manufac- 

ture and sale of tobacco and spirituous liquors. 

2. 128 Members of Assembly. 32 State Senators. 7G United States Senators. 

3. Supervisoi', justices of the peace, and town clerk. 

4. Age, 30 years at least; nine years a citizen of the U. S. ; a resident of the State 

he is elected to represent. 

5. The Governor of the State issues a sjiecial writ of election, and the electors of 

the district act thereunder. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . March, 1888, Special. 

1. Legislative (Congress). Executive (President). Judicial (Supreme Court and such inferior 

courts as Congress maj- establish). 

2. 4 years. 6 j'ears. 

3. To estimate the value of taxable property. 

4. Any five of the following: To visit and examine schools; to recommend changes in the course 

of study; to condemn school buildings; to direct trustees to abate nuisances; to direct 
trustees to make necessary alterations or repairs (not to exceed .^200) ; to examine and 
license teachers; to hold institutes; to examine charges affecting moral character of teach- 
ers; to report to State Superintendent. 

5. A State is a community of persons, living within certain limits of territory, under one gov- 

ernment; a county is one of the direct sub-divisions of a State; a township is one of the 
direct sub-divisions of a county ; an election district is a portion of a township set apart for 
election purposes; a school district is one of the divisions of a township set apart for school 
purposes. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- April 7, 1888. 

1. Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Comptroller, Secretary of State, Treasurer, 

Attorney-General, Engineer and Surveyor. 

2. By an act of the Legislature. 

3. Twelve- — ^ all of them. 

4. Governors of territories are appointed by the Pi*esident and confirmed by the 

Senate; the members of territorial Legislatures are elected by the people of 
the territories. 

5. 6, 7, 8 and 9. Answers will differ according to locality. 
10. 10 days. 

67 



State of New York. 
un if r m e x a m in ati on questions. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . . May 5, 1888. 

1. In what way does the Constitution provide that the smaller States shall 

have a larger influence in the legislative branch of our government, in 

jiroportion to their population, than the larger States? 10 

2. "What body has the power to try an impeachment of a United States officer? 10 

3. How often does Congress assemble? When? 10 

4. Why is the power to coin money vested in Congress rather than in the 

Legislatures of the States? 10 

5. Why does the government grant jDatents and copyrights? 10 

6. Where is the power to declare war vested? 10 

7. What is the Electoral College? 10 

8. When will the term of President Cleveland's successor commence? 10 

9. Name two qualifications, prescribed by the Constitution, for eligibility to 

the office of President of the United States. 10 

10. When is a person said to be admittal to tail? 10 

2d and 3d Grades, _.---. June, 1888. 

1. Why do our National and State Constitutions provide that the terms of 

office of the chief executives shall be brief ? 10 

2. How long is the term of office of a United States Senator? 10 

3. What is meant by majority and pluralitu in an election ? 10 

4. What is the name of the highest court in this State? 10 

5. When do our presidential elections occur? 10 

6. Which lias the greater influence in electing a President of the United States 

in proportion to population. New York or Rhode Island? Why? 10 

7. Name the titles of the seven Cabinet officers. 10 

8. Name some act wliich, if committed, would be treason against the United 

States. 10 

9. Why does the Constitution of the United States require that bills for raising 

a revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives? 10 

10. Who is commander-in-chief of the military forces of this State? 10 

2d and 3d Grades, - . . . . Axxgust 14, 1888. 

1. What is a democracy? 10 

2. What is the meaning of the phrase, Taxatiomcithout representation? 10 

3. Wliat is a limited monarchy? 10 

4. Where does the power reside for imposing taxes for the use of the National 

government? 10 

5. In whom is the power vested to make treaties Avith foreign nations? 10 

6. If neither candidate for the office of Vice-President receives a majority of 

the electoral votes, how shall that officer be elected? 10 

7. Name one of the duties of an assessor. 10 

8. What class of officers have power to issue a warrant of arrest ? 10 

9. What is an execntirx session of the Senate of the U. S.? 10 
10. By what authority is the number of State Senators prescribed? 10 

58 



State of Mew York. 
department of public instruction. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . May 5, 1888. 

1. By providing that all the States shall have au equal delegation in the Senate. 

2. The Senate of the United States. 

3. Every year. On the tirst Monday in December. 

4. That the coins and standards may be uniform. 

5. To protect inventors and authors in their rights, and to encourage and stimulate 

men to make useful inventions and books. 

6. In Congress. 

7. It is the Presidential Electors when assembled in their respective States to cast 

their votes for President and Vice-President. 

8. It will commence on the 4th of March, 1889. 

9. He must be native born; he must be 35 years old; he must have resided 14 years 

in the United States. 

10. When an accused person is released from custody, surety being given for his 
appearance for trial. 

2d and 3rd Grades, -_.._- June, 1888. 

1. They are thereby restrained from assuming and exercising arbitrary or unlaw- 

ful authority. 

2. Six years. 

3. A majority is more than half the votes cast ; a plurality is more votes than is 

received by any other candidate. 

4. The Court of Appeals. 

5. On the Tuesday next following the first Monday in November in every leap year. 

6. Rhode Island; because she has as many Senators in Congress as New York. 

7. Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Secretary of the 

Navy, Secretary of the Interior, Attorney-General and Postmaster-General. 

8. For one of her citizens to make war against the United States, etc. 

9. Because the members of the House of Representatives more directly represent 

the people than the Senators do. 

10. The Governor. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - August 14, 1888. 

1. A government by the people. 

2. It means that taxes are imposed upon a people while the right is denied them 

of having a voice in ordering the taxes or of disposing of the revenue. 

3. A monarchy in which the power of the monarch is restricted by the law. 

4. In the Congress. 

5. In the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. 

6. By the Senate of the U. S. 
7. 

8. Justices of the peace or other judicial officers. 

9. A session for the purpose of considering treaties or the appointment of 

officers. 

10. By the State Constitution, 

59 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 1, 1888. 

1. Wliat is an absolute monarcliy? 10 

3. What is the title of the highest executive officer of a county? 10 

3. Where is the highest judicial authority of the U. S. vested? 10 

4. Name one of the duties of a sheriff. 10 

5. How are the judges of the Court of Appeals of this State chosen? 10 
C. Who appoints the various committees of the House of Representatives of 

the U. S. ? 10 

7. Who is the Representative m Congress from your district? 10 

8. How may new States be admitted into the Union? 10 

9. Name one of the duties of a constable. 10 
10. Where is the power vested, under the Constitution of the U. S., to declare 

war? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 11, 1888. 

1. What is larceny? 10 

2. By what authority is the State prohibited from coining money? 10 

3. What is the title of the highest executive officer of a State? 10 

4. Why is the term of office of a judge made longer than that of an executive 

officer? 10 

5. Name two offices that are filled by officers elected by joint ballot of the two 

branches of our Legislature. 10 
C. The Speaker of the House of Representatives can vote upon any question 
that comes before that body, wdiile the Vice-President has only a casting 

vote in the Senate. Why this distinction? 10 

7. What are the requirements for eligibility to the office of President of the 

United States, as to age? 10 

8. Of how many members is the United States Senate, at present, composed? 10 

9. What are the divisions of a city called? 10 
10. Why, in 1824, was the President of the United States elected by the House 

of Representatives? . 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - - - October 6, 1888. 

1. For how long a term is the Secretary of State of this State elected? 10 

2. In what bodies is the highest legislative power of this State vested? 10 

3. Where is the power vested to grant city charters to villages in this State? 10 

4. Name one of the duties of a town clerk. 10 

5. For how long a term is the Governor of this State elected? 10 

6. For how long a term is a Rei^resentative in Congress elected? 10 

7. What is meant by a congressional district? 10 

8. Why is our government called a representative government? 10 

9. What is the title of the officer who takes proof of wills and attends to the 

settlement of estates of deceased persons? 10 

10. What i.s meant by a quorum of a legislative body? 10 

60 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRV CTION. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... September 1, 1888. 

1. One in which the monarch's will is law. 

2. Sheritif. 

3. In the Supreme Court of the United States. 
4. 

5. By the people. 

6. The Speaker of the House. 
7. 

5. By act of Congress. 
9. 

10. In the Congress. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 11, 1888. 

1. It is wrongfully taking the personal property of another. 
3. By the Constitution of the U. S. 

3. Governor. 

4. Because, from the nature of his duties, it is desirable that he be, as far as possi- 

ble, independent. 

5. 

6. Because the Speaker is a member of the House, while the Vice-President is only 

the presiding offlcer, ex officio, of the Senate. 

7. He must be at least thirty-five years old. 

8. Seventy-six. 

9. They are called wards. 

10. Because neither of the candidates had a majority of the electoral votes. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - _ . . . October 6, 1888. 

1. For two years. 

2. In the Senate and Assembly. 

3. In the State Legislature. 
4. 

5. For three years. 

6. For two years. 

7. A part of a State, or a whole State, that is entitled to one Representative in 

Congress. 

8. Because the laws are made and executed by men who represent the people. 

9. Surrogate. 

10. The number of its members that must be present in order, legally, to transact busi- 
ness. 

61 



State of New York. 
uniform examination q ue st ions. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 3, 1888. 

1. What is the title of tlie Cabinet officer -who has charge of the postal service? 10 

2. What is the name of the body in which tlie legislative power of the U. S. is 

vested? ' 10 

3. After a bill has passed both houses of Congress, what must next be done 

before it can become a law? 10 

4. Where is the power to raise and support armies for the IT. S. service vested? 10 

5. Who has the power to pardon criminals who have been convicted and sen- 

tenced in the courts of this State? 10 

G. Name one of the duties of a supervisor. 10 

7. Of how many members does the State Senate of New York consist? 10 

8. For how long a period are the judges of the Court of Appeals of this State 

chosen? 10 

9. In whom is the power vested to convene the Congress in extra session? 10 
10. How often must tlie Congress assemble by law? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - January 5, 1889. 

1. What is a constitution? 10 

2. Who is constituted the presiding officer of the United States Senate, and 

when is he entitled to vote upon any question before the Senate? 10 

3. What is the right of suffrage? Is it a natural or civil right? 10 

4. Name your Member of Assembly; your Congressman-elect. 10 

5. How is the number of Presidential Electors determined? How many were 

elected at the last general election? 10 

6. What is the President's Message? 10 

7. What is the county legislature called, and how often does it meet? 10 

8. Name five town officers, and mention a duty of each. 10 

9. For how long a term is each of the following officers elected : {a) Governor? 

(&) Comptroller? {c) State Sui>erinteudent of Public Instruction? {d) 
Sheriff? {e) County judge? 10 

10. Define specific and ad 'valorem duties. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... February 2, 1889. 

1. How may a territory become a State ? 10 

2. Where is tlie treaty-making power vested ? 10 

3. What are the required qualifications of the President and Vice-President of 

the United States ? 10 

4. How are tlie members of the Cabinet chosen ? 10 

5. Name two articles from the manufacture or sale of which internal revenue is 

derived. 10 

6. When will the Fifty-first Congress regularly assemble ? 10 

7. By whom is a territory represented in Congress ? How is he chosen ? 

"what may such person do in Congress, and what may he not ? 10 

8. What is the official title of the presiding officer of our State Assembly ? 

How is he chosen ? 10 

62 



State of New York. 
department of public 1n8 truc tjon. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 3, 1888. 

1. Postmaster- General. 

2. The Cougress. 

3. It must be submitted to the President for his approval or disapproval. 

4. In the Congress. 

5. The Governor. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. Thirty-two. 

8. For fourteen years. 

9. In the President. 
10. Annually. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - • - - - January 5, 1889. 

1. The code of fundamental laws which govern a State or country. 

2. The Vice-President of the United States. He may vote upon any question 

when the Senators present and voting are equally divided. 

3. The right to vote. It is a civil right. 

4. Answers must vary. 

5. Each State is entitled to as many Electors as it has members of Congress. 

Four hundred one were elected at the late election. 

6. It is a written document sent to Congress upon its convening, embodying the 

President's opinions and suggestions as to legislation, and is accompanied 
by full reports of the executive departments of the government. 

7. Board of Supervisors. Annually. 

8. Answers will vary. 

9. («) Three years. Qi) Two years, (c) Three years. {(I) Three years, (e) Six years. 
10. Specific duties are proportioned to the quantity of the article imported ; nd 

valorem duties are proportioned to the market value of the article in the 
country which produces it. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... - February 2, 1889. 

1. By act of Congress. 

2. In the President and Senate of the United States. 

3. Natural born citizen, age 35 years, 14 years a resident within tlie United States. 

4. Nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. 

5. Spirituous or malt liquors, tobacco, oleomargarine. 

6. First Monday in December. 

7. By a delegate elected by the people. He may speak, but not vote. 

8. Speaker, chosen from their own number, by the Members of the Assembly. 

63 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TI ON QUESTIONS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2ci and 3rd Grades, .... February 2, 1889. 

9. Naino four State otRcers, .and juention oue duty of each. 10 

10. Who is the chief executive officer of {n) the United States, (5) the State, 

(c) a county, {d) a city, {e) a village? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 2, 1889. 

1. Name the three departmeuts of goverument. 10 

3. Name one officer eacli of the nation, State, and county representing each of 

the departments of government. 10 

3. Where docs tlie Constitution place the power to make treaties? To declare 

war? 10 

4. Mention three steps required by the Constitution in chosing a President of 

the United States. 10 

5. Wluit is treason? What is a felony? 10 
G. Wliat is an extradition treaty? What is an ex 2>ost faeto law? 10 

7. Name five county officers, and state one duty of each. 10 

8. Distinguish between the duties of a grand jury and a petit jury. 10 

9. Explain what is meant by the veto pow'cr; the pardoning power. 10 
10. Name two acts in which a State is independent of the general government, 

and two acts which can only be performed by the general government. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 12, 1889. 

1. State three qualifications that a voter at our State elections must have. 10 

2. Name two officers of a territory, and state how- each is chosen. 10 

3. How can the sale of intoxicating licjuors be legally proliibited in any town 

of tins State? " ' 10 

4. When is our State election held? In what year will State Senators be next 

elected in this State? 10 

5. Name five State officers, and mention one duty pertaining to each. 10 

6. What is the difference between original and appellate jurisdiction of courts? 10 

7. Name one officer in each of the three der)artments o* government in a 

county. 10 

8. What are the (pialifications required to render a person eligible to the office 

of Governor of this State? 10 

9. Give the official titles of tlie judicial officers Avho constitute a Court of 

Sessions. 10 

10. What are capital crimes ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 6, 1889. 

\. Wl\o is commander-in-chief of the army of tlie United States? 10 

2. AVhat is ineaut by President pro tem])ore of the Senate of the United 

States? 10 

64 



State of New York. 
department of public instru ction. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . . February 2, 1889. 

9. Answers need not be uniform. (See "Red Book" or State Almanacs.) 
10. (a) President, (h) Governor, (f) sheriff, {d) mayor, {e) president. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . , . i . March 2, 1889. 

1. Legislative, executive and judicial. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. The President and Senate can establish a treaty with a foreign power. War can 

be declared only by Congress. 

4. The States must appoint Presidential Electors; the Electors must meet in their 

respective States and ballot for President and Vice-President; the President 
of the Senate shall open the certificates and the votes shall be counted. 

5. Treason against the United States consists in levying war against them, or in adher- 

ing to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. Felony in New York is a 
crime punishable by death or by imprisonment in a State prison. 

6. A treaty providing for the delivery of fugitives from justice by one nation to 

another. An ex f(M facto law would inflict a penalty for an act committed be- 
fore the making of a law, 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. A grand jury investigates charges against persons, and, if it find jast cause, holds 

them by indictment for trial. On the trial the petit jury decides as to tlie guilt 
or innocence of the accused. 

9. The executive oflicer of the nation or State vetoes a bill by withholding his ap- 

proval. The power to remit or lessen a sentence of death, or other penalty. 
10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 12, 1889. 

1. Qualifications of voters: (1) Male citizen. (2) 21 years of age. (3) Citizen for 

ten days. (4) Resident of State for one year next preceding the election. 
(5) Resident of county four months. (6) Resident of election district 30 days. 

2. Grovernor and Secretary appointed by the President and confirmed by the 

United States Senate. 
Auditor, Treasurer, and Superintendent of Common Schools elected by the 
Legislature of the territory. 

3. By tlie refusal of the excise board to grant licenses. 

4. On the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Senators will be 

elected in 1889. 

5. Answers may differ. 

0. Original jurisdiction — having power of the first hearing of causes; appellate — 

having power to review causes which have been heard by an inferior court. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Must be a male citizen not less than thirty years of age, and must have been a 

resident of the State for five years next preceding his election. 

9. County judge and justices of Sessions. 
10. Crimes punishable by death. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 6, 1889. 

1. The President. 

2. A Senator chosen by the Senate to preside in the absence of the Vice-President, 

or when tiie office of Vice-President is vacant. 

65 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2d and 3rd Grades, April 6, 1889. 

3. Who presides over the Senate Of the United States when it meets as a court 

of impeachment for the trial of the President? 10 

4. Name three sources of internal revenue. 10 

5. What are the principal duties of the Comptroller? 10 

6. When will occur the next election of Governor and Lieutenant-Governor of 

this State? 10 

7. Name the officers of a school district, and state the principal duty of 

each. 10 

8. Name six officers who are elected at a town meeting; give the length of 

term of office of each one mentioned. 10 

9. By what authority is a county organized? A town? 10 
10. Why is the veto power given to the Governor? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, May 4, 1889. 

1. What is statute law? 10 

2. What officer has the power to form and dissolve school districts? 10 

3. Not every voter at a general election is a voter at a school district election. 

State two qualifications which will entitle one of the former to vote for 

a district trustee. 10 

4. How many justices of sessions are chosen in each county? What other office 

must they also hold? 10 

5. The autliority of a State Legislature to enact laws is derived from what 

source? 10 

6. How many judges constitute the General Term Court? By what authority 

are they chosen? Who onl}' can be chosen? 10 

7. Explain liow it may happen that a person may be elected President of the 

United States by a minority of the popular vote. 10 

8. In case the President and Vice-President should die, what officer would be- 

come President? For how long time? 10 

9. State two qualifications demanded of a person elected President or Vice- 

President of the United States, that are not required of any other United 
States officer. 10 

10. How are vacancies in the United States Senate filled? 10 

66 



State of New York 
department of pub li g instruction. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, April 6, 1889. 

3. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. To examine, and audit or reject claims against the State. 

6. November, 1891. 

7. The trustee has general chai-ge of tlie school property, hires the teacher, makes 

the report to the school commissioner, and levies the district taxes. The 
clerk calls district meetings, and keeps the district records. The collector 
collects the taxes, and pays the money collected, on orders given by the 
trustee or trustees. The librarian has charge of the library. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. The Legislature. The board of supervisors. 

10. To prevent the enactment of unwise or uucoustitutioual laws. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . May 4, 1889. 

1. It consists of laws enacted by the legislative department of government. 

2. School commissioner, 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. Two. Justice of the peace. 

5. The Constitution of the State. 

6. Three. By the Governor. Justices of the Supreme Court. 

7. The electors for a defeated candidate may be chosen bj^ very large majorities in 

many States, while the electors for the successful candidate may be chosen 
by very small majorities. 

8. The Secretary of State, provided he has the legal qualifications. The remainder 

of the term. 

9. He must be a natural born citizen, thirty-five years of age, and must have been 

fourteen years a resident of the United States. 
10. The State Legislature fills the vacancy, if it is in session ; if not, the Governor 
appoints a person to serve until the Legislature convenes. 

67 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA T/ON QUESTIONS. 
COMPOSITION. 

No Answers Furnished. 

1st Grade, ----- March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Write a sentence, using tlie word riae, and another, using the word raise. 10 

3. Write a sentence, tising the word done, and another using the word set. 10 

3. Write a description of some industry, or a branch of some industry, with 
which you are well acquainted, speaking of (1) its location and advantages 
of location ; (2) the history of the factory or establishment ; (3) the condi- 
tion of the workmen or employees; (4) the benefits or injury it brings to 
the vicinity in which it is located. 

Credits as follows: 

For correctness of form and language. 10 

For correctness of punctuation. 10 

For correctness of spelling, and capitals. 10 

For excellence of composition, 25 

As provided in general regulations. 25 

1st Grade, _-.--- May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. Write a reply to a letter from your commissioner, asking you to name the 
text-books in Arithmetic, Geography and Physiology which you would 
recommend for a school of your grade, and to state fully your reasons for 
each recommendation. 

Correctness and appropriateness of language. 25 

Correctness in form and general appearance. 25 

Correctness in punctuation and use of capitals. 25 

For remaining 35 per cent, see regulations. 
1st Grade, . . - - - August 14 and 15, 1888. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects: 
Arbor Day. 
A Summer Resort. 
My Favorite Game. 
Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference 
to three points : 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 35 credits, see regulations. 
1st Grade, . . - - - March 12 and 13, 1888. 

AVrite a composition on either of the following subjects: 

The Kindergarten. 

Winter Sports. 

The iNAUfuiRATioN OF President Harrison. 
Credits will he given on tlie merits of the composition with particular reference 
to three points : 

(1) Tlie matter, i. e., tlie thoughts expressed. 

(2) The correctness and propriety of tlie language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 35 credits, see regulations. 

68 



25 



State of New York. 
depahtment of public instbv ction, 

COMPOSITION. 

No Answers Furnished. 

2d. and 3rd Grades, ..... January 7, 1888. 

Write a letter to a trustee of a school district, applying for a position as teacher, 
and giving age, experience, educational qualifications, and references as 
to character and ability. 75 

See directions for remaining 25 per cent of credits. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . February, 1888. 

1. Should A. S. Draper, Superintendent of Public Instruction, ask you for your 

opinion, fully and freely expressed, of the comparative merits of the sys. 
tern of Uniform Examinations for Commissioners' Certificates and the 
system formerly practiced, what would be your reply? (Write out a copy 
oi your letter to him, complete as to form and matter.) 

Orthography, 10; Punctuation, 10; Form, 10; Correctness and pro- 
priety of language, 25. 55 

2. Write a sentence, using the word floioed, and another, using the word 

floicn. 10 

3. Write a sentence using the word struck, and another, using the word 

stricken. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - March 3, 1888. 

1. Write a description of a lake which you have visited, or which you may im- 
agine yourself to have visited, referring to the following points of interest : 
Location, dimensions, basin, outlet, navigation, fisheries, surrounding 
scenery, other points that may occur to you. 

Completeness with which the subject is treated. 15 

Clearness of the description. 15 

Grammatical correctness of language. 15 

Use of capitals and punctuation. 15 

Orthography and general appearance. 15 

For remaining 25 per cent, sec directions. 

2d and 3rd Grades, March 13, 1888. 

1. Give two rules for the use of the period. 10 

2. Give rule for the punctuation of direct quotations, and give example. 10 

3. Write a formal letter to the Commissioner of your district, setting forth five 

reasons why you think yourself qualified to teach school. 55 

See regulations for remaining 25 per cent of credits. 

Answej'S. 

1. A period should be placed after every declarative or imperative sentence; after every 

abbreviation not fully noted by marks of elision ; and after Roman numerals. 

2. Every direct quotation should be set ott' by commas. 

3. >'o answer required. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 

1. Write a letter to your commissioner embodying in it a statement of {a) your 
present grade of certificate, (h) the grade you are aiming to secure, (c) the 
district where you are now teaching, (d) the name of tiie trustee or trus- 
tees, (e) where you were educated, using not less than one hundred words. 75 

Note. — For generul excellence of all papers submitted with reference to neatness, order 
and punctuation. 25 

69 



State of New York. 

UNI F OHM EXAMINA TION Q VESTIONS. 

COMPOSITION. 

No Answers Furnished. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 7, 1888, 

1. Write a short letter to your school commissiouer, telling him what school you 

wish or expect to teach. 25 

3. Write a short account of the Pilgrims in accordance with the following analy- 
sis: (a) Cause of leaving their own country; {h) whence they sailed; (c) 
the voyage; {d) the landing; (e) life in the New World. 50 

For general excellence of all papers submitted, with reference to neatness, order 

and punctuation. 25 

2d and 3rd Grades, --..._ May 5, 1888. 

1. Write a description of the school-house where you taught last, or, if you have 
not taught, where you last attended school. 

Let your description be brief, and let it embrace these points: The size 
of the building, its material, its seating capacity, its general condition of 
repair, its hygienic qualities -- such as location, means of heating and ven- 
tilation, provisions for liglit, etc. — its facilities for teaching — such as 
blackboards and other apparatus — and suggestions for improvements. 

Correctness and appropriateness of language. 25 

Correctness in form and general appearance. 25 

Correctness in punctuation and use of capitals. 25 

For remaining 25 per cent, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ---.__ June, 1888. 

1. Write a composition, taking for your subject one of the following vegetable 
products of this State, describing the plant from which it is obtained, 
the manner of cultivating it, if it be a cultivated plant, the manner of 
l)reparing it for commerce, and adding any other matters of interest per- 
taining to the subject: Flour, maple sugar, lumber, potatoes, hay, malt. 
Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with reference to 
three points: 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts it contains. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, use of caj^itals, and general appear- 

ance. 25 

For remaining 25 per cent, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . . August 14, 1888. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects: 
Ice Cream. 
TuE Violin. 
Industrial Education. 
How Nature Provides for the Protection op the Eve. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with reference to three 
points : 
(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(3) The correctness and i^ropricty of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

70 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTltUCTION. 
COMPOSITION. 

No Answers Furnished. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . _ September 1, 1888. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects: 
County Fairs. 
The Prohibitionists. 
Language Teaching. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with reference to three points : 

(1) The matter^ i. c., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 11, 1888. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects : 
The Description op a Church Edifice. 
Teachers' Associations. 
The Educational Influence of a Good School-house. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference 
to three points : 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . _ . October 6, 1888. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects : 
A District School. 
The Cultivation of Indian Corn. 
A Letter of a Pupil to His Teacher, Describing Vacation Pleasures. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with reference to three points : 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and j^ropriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... November 3, 1888. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects: 
A Normal School. 
Bees. 
A Teachers' Institute. 

71 



State of Nfav York. 
uxifohm examina tlox q uesti0n8. 

COMPOSITION. 

No Answers Furuishcd. 

2d. and 3rd. Grades, .... November 3, 1888. 

Credits ■will be given on the merits of the composition with ijarticiilar reference 
to tliree points : 

(1) The matter^ i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthograpliy, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 35 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - January 5, 1889. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects: 
The New Year. 
The Influence of Good Books. 
The Teacher's Opportunities. 
Civil Service Reform. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference 
to three points : 

(1) The matter^ i. e., tlie thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The ortliography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of cajiitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... February 2, 1889. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects: 
Cheese Making. 
Santa Claus. 
Natural Scenery About My Home. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with jiarticular reference 
to three points: 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthograpliy, i>unctuation, division into jiaragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 2, 1889. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects: 
Dangers of Coasting. 
Butter Making. 
Benefits arising from Teachers' Associations. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition witli particular reference 
to three points : 

(1) The matter, i. o., the tlioughts exj^ressed. 25 

72 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

COMPOSITION. 

No Answers Furnished. 

2d and 3rd Grades, -.-... March 2, 1889. 

(3) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthograpliy, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 12, 1889. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects: 

jiMUSEMENTS OP MY CHILDHOOD. 

My Last School. 
Bkead Making. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference 
to three points : 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into jiaragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - April 6, 1889. 

Write a letter to your school commissioner, describing the condition and needs 
of the school-house in wliich you last taught, or attended school, as to 
furniture, blackboards, and apparatus; or 

Write to a trustee of a school district, a letter of recommendation for an acquaint- 
ance seeking a position as teacher. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the comjwsitiou with particular reference 
to three points: 

(1) The oyiatter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regiilations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . May 4, 1889. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects : 

Benefits op Physical, Culture. 

A Short Review of some Book Recently Read. 

Tree Planting. 
Credits will be given on the merits of tlie composition with jiarticular reference 
to three points : 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used, 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraplis, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

73 



State of New York. 
unif ji m ex a mina tion ques ti o ns. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

ist Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. What is tlie name of the presiding officer of tlie Senate of tliis State? the 

Assembly? 10 

3. What portion of our State Capitol has been condemned as unsafe? Why? 10 

3. Name two territories which are asking for admission to the Union, as States, 10 

4. In what cities respectively are the two great political j^tvrties to hold their 

next national convention? 10 

5. What is the principal feature of the Crosby Bill? 10 

6. What Englislaman is known as the "grand old man "? 10 

7. What important educational bill has recently passed the United States 

Senate? 10 

8. What interoceanic canal is now in process of construction? 10 

9. What brave act did Miss Freeman, a western teacher, recently perform? 10 
10. Who is the oldest monarch of Europe? 10 

1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. Xame six places in this State at which State normal schools are located. 10 

2. How many members has the United States Senate? 10 

3. Where is the burial place of General Ulysses S. Grant? 10 

4. How has rapid transit been attained in the city of New York? 10 

5. Upon what date does Decoration Day occur? 10 

6. Name three of the leading literarj' magazines of the present day. 10 

7. Name and locate three colleges or universities of this State. 10 

8. State something of interest relating to the royal family of Germany. 10 

9. Who is now mayor of the city of New York? 10 
10. What is meant by the "Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers?" 10 

1st Grade, . . . - . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

Twenty credits will be allowed for each of five of the following questions, to be selected by 
the candidate: 

1. Who is President of the French re20ublic? 

2. What rank in the United States army was recently revived by act of Con- 

gress? Upon whom was it conferred? 

3. What change in respect to the method of execution of the death penalty was 

made by the last Legislature of this State? 

4. Give the names of the nominees of two of the national political conventions 

recently held. 

5. What is meant by cremation ? 

G. What eminent ex-United States Senator recently died in New York? 

7. Whom did President Cleveland nominate for Chief Justice of the Supreme 
Court of the U. S.? 

74 



State of New York. 

DEPA li TMENT OF P UBLIG INS Tit UCTION. 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

1st Grade, - - . . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Edward F. Jones; Fremont Cole. 

3. The ceiling of the Assembly chamber. Because the stone supports were not 
strong enough to support the weight. 

3. Dakota, Utah and Montana. 

4. Chicago and St. Louis. 

5. High license to restrict the liquor traffic. 
6 Gladstone. 

7. The Blair Educational Bill. 

8. Nicaragua ship canal. 

9. By tying thirteen childreu, her pupils, together, she conducted them to a place 

of safety, during a terrific storm that destroyed the scliool-house; the weather 
was exceedingly cold. 
10. The Emperor of Germany. 

1st Grade, - - ... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. Albany, Potsdam, Cortland, Oswego, Geneseo, Brockport, Buffalo, Fredouia, 

New Paltz. (Any six.) 

2. Seventy-six. 

3. Riverside Park, New York city. 

4. By means of elevated railroads. 

5. May 30th. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. Answers will vary. 

8. Answers will vary. 

9. Abram S. Hewitt. 

10, A secret organization of locomotive engineers whose object is mutual assistance 
and protection for its members. 

1st Grade, . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. M. Carnot. 
3. The rank of General, General Philip Sheridan. 

3. Persons convicted of capital offenses committed after January 1, 1889, are to 

be executed by means of electricity. 

4. Democratic, Grover Cleveland and Allen G. Thurman ; Prohibition, Clinton B. 

Fisk and John A. Brooks; Republican, Benjamiii Harrison and Levi P. 
Morton. 

5. Burning instead of burying the dead. 

6. Roscoe Conkling. 

7. 3Ielville W. Fuller. 

75 



Statk of New York. 
uniform ex a mina tion q uertl ons. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 
1st Grade, - - - - - March 12 and 13, 1889. 

Of the following questions, the candidate will answer only five, to each of which twenty credits 
arc assigned. 

1. What is meant by the Excise Commission Bill? 

2. Congress has recently passed an act authorizing the admission into the Union 

of what new States? 

3. Name the members of President Harrison's Cabinet, and give the official title 

of each. 

4. What inter-oceanic canal has been recently chartered by Congress? 

5. Name the Representative in Congress from your district. 
Name the Member of Assembly from your district. 

6. Mention five great bridges wholly or in part in this State. What waters do 

tliey span? 

7. Who is the recently elected secretary of the Regents of the University? 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ . . . - January 7, 1888. 

1. Give a short account of Bismark. ■ 20 

2. What event of great political importance to France transpired during the 

past month? 20 

3. Wliat important legislative body convened on the 5th of December, 1887? 20 

4. What were the fates of the seven anarchists who were convicted of com- 

plicity in the bomb-throwing at Chicago in 1886? 20 

5. Name three educational journals of this State, and state where each is pub- 

lished. 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - . February, 1888, 

1. AVhat territory desires to be divided and admitted to the Union as States? 20 

2. Mention one important recommendation in the last message of the President. 20 

3. Name the Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, nominated by the Presi- 

dent and confirmed by tlie Senate the present session. 20 

4. What was the recommendation of the commission to the present Legisla- 

ture on the mode of executing the death penalty? 20 

5. With what great national measure is Gladstone identified? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- March 3, 1888. 

1. Wliat illustrious American scientist died in January, 1888? 10 

2. What famous English actor is now in America? 10 

3. What publication relating to school affairs is soon to be sent to every scliool 

district in this State? 10 

4. State some fact or incident of which you have read relating to a great storm 

in Dakota or Nebraska. 10 

5. What is the name of the great Irish leader in the Britisli Parliament? 10 

6. What IS, probably, the (juestion to be most discussed in the approaching 

presidential campaign? 10 

76 



State of New York. 
d e fa li tme nt of pub li c ins tructio n. 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

1st Grade, . . . . - March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. A bill recently introduced in the Legislature of New York, to regulate the sale 

of intoxicating liquors prepared by a commission appointed bv the Legisla- 
ture of 1888. 

2. North Dakota, South Dakota, Wasiiington, and Montana. 

3. Secretary of State, James G. Blaine of Maine; Secretary of the Treasury, 

William Wiudom of Minnesota; Secretary of War, Redfield Proctor of Ver- 
mont; Secretary of the Navy, Benjamin F. Tracy of New York; Secretary of 
the Interior, John W. Noble of Missouri ; Postmaster-General, John Wana- 
maker of Pennsylvania; Attorney-General W. H. H. Miller of Indiana; 
Secretary of Agriculture, Jeremiah M. Rusk of Wisconsin. 
■i. Nicaraugua ship canal. 

5. Answers will differ. 

6. Answers may differ. 

7. Melvil Dewey, 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - January 7, 1888. 

1. No answer required. 

3. The resignation of President Grevy, and the subsequent election by the French 
Assembly of President Carnot. 

3. The fiftietli Congress of the United States. 

4. Four were hanged, the sentence of two were commuted to imprisonmeut for life. 

and one committed suicide. 

5. No answer required. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . - - - February, 1888. 

1. Dakota. 

2. Reduction of the revenue by removing the tax from certain articles. 

3. L. Q. C. Lamar. 

4. That in cases of capital punishment, death by electricity be substituted for death 

by hanging. 

5. With home rule in Ireland. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . . March 3, 1888. 

1. Prof. Gray. 
3. Irving. 

3. The Code of Public Instruction. 

4. Various answers. 

5. Parnell. 

G. The tariff question. 

77 



State of New York. 
un j f r m ex a mina tt on q u es t 1 ns. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . March 3, 1888. 

7. What distinguished woman astronomer is a professor in one of our American 

colleges? What is the name of the college referred to? 10 

8. Why is the freshman class at Cornell larger than any previous class? 10 

9. "What two changes have recently been made in the President's cabinet? 10 
10. Describe an eclijise tliat has occurred this year. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . _ . March 13, 1888. 

1. What nation threatens the peace of Europe at the present time? What part 

of its policy is considered aggressive? 20 

2. Wliat has been done with the Blair Educational TJiil at this session of Con- 

gress? 20 

3. Of what is oleomargarine made? 20 

4. What educational gathering is to convene at Watkins. N. Y., July 5, 1888? 20 

5. Give some account of the condition of tlie Crown Prince, Frederick Wil- 

liam, of Prussia. 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . March, 1888, Special. 

1. When will occur the next regular election of («) school trustees, (1>) school 

commissioners, (c) Governor of tliis State, and {J) State Senators for tliis 
State? 20 

2. What commission has just completed its lal)ors at Washington? Why was 

tliis commission made necessary? 20 

3. What is meant by industrial education as connected with public education? 20 

4. Give a short account of the Female Suffrage movement, mentioning some 

of the leaders and some of the points already gained for it. 20 

5. Wliat are the duties of a stenographer? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 7, 1888. 

1. Give the names of two persons who were candidates for tlie oflice of Secre- 

tary of State at our last State election. 10 

2. Who was elected United States Senator from New York in 1887? Whom 

did he succeed? 10 

3. Name one of the justices of the Supreme Court in your judicial district. 10 

4. Name five leading daily newspapers published in New York city. 10 

5. What two important State officers arc to be chosen this year in this State? 10 

6. What prominent gentleman has recently announced that he is not a candi- 

date for the presidential nomination? 10 

7. What prominent American jurist has recentlv died? Wliat office did he 

liold? ' ' 10 

8. Who is the president of the New York Central Railroad? 10 

9. What European monarch has recently died? 10 
10. Name the Republican and Democratic candidates for President at tlie last 

three presidential elections. 10 

78 



State of New York. 

D EPA li TM EN T OF PUBLIC INS TR D TION. 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . . March 3, 1888. 

7. Maria i\Iitchell, Vassar College. 

8. Because of a new law in relation to free scholarships allowing substitutes from 

districts not otherwise represented. 

9. Mr. Vilas has been transferred to the charge of the interior department and Mr. 

D. Dickinson has been appointed in his place. 
10. A total eclipse of the moon occurred on the evening of Januarj- 28. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ...... March 13, 1888. 

1. I\ussi.a. The massing of troops adjacent to tlie frontiers of Germany, Austria, 

and Turkey, 

2. It has passed the Senate and been sent to the House of Representatives. 

3. Principally, of the fat of animals. 

4. New York State Teachers' Association. 

5. He is suffering from a throat disease generally believed to be a cancerous affection 

of the larynx and trachea. His pliysicians liave inserted a tube through his 
neck into his traciiea for liim to breathe througli. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . March, 1888, Special. 

1. {a) On the last Tuesday of August next. (/>) At the general election of 1890. (c) 

At the next general election, {d) At the general election of 1889. 

2. The Fisheries Commission. Disputes as to the I'espective rights of Canada and 

the United States on the fisliing grounds of the North Atlantic coast. 

3. The introduction of teaching to train the hand and eye, with a view to practical 

application in life work. 

4. Answers maj' differ. 

5. By short-hand to write from dictation and. afterward transcribe the matter, or 

reproduce it in Roman letters by a type-writer. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . April 7, 1888. 

1. Frederick Cook; Frederick D. Grant; Henry George. (Either two of the 

three.) 

2. Frank Hiscock; Warner Miller. 

3. Answers will differ according to locality. 

4. World, Tribune, Herald, Times, Sun, Post. Telegram, Star, Mail and Express, 

Press, Commercial Advertiser, Staats-Zcitung. 

5. Governor and Lieutenant-Governor. 

6. James G. Blaine. 

7. Morrison R. Waite, Chief Justice. 

8. Chauncey M. Depew. 

9. Emperor William of Germany. 

10. 1876: Hayes, Tilden; 1880: Garfield, Hancock; 1884: Blaine, Cleveland. 

79 



State of New York. 
uniform ex a mina tion q ues tl ons. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... May 5, 1888. 

1. Name six places in tliis State at wiiich State normal schools are located. 10 

2. How many members has the United States Senate? 10 

3. Whore is the burial place of General Ulysses S. Grant? 10. 

4. How has rapid transit been attained in the city of New York? 10 

5. Ujiou what date does Decoration Day occur? 10 
G. Name three of the leading magazines of the present day. 10 

7. Name and locate three colleges or universities of this State. 10 

8. State something of interest relating to the royal family of Germany. 10 

9. Who is now Mayor of the city of New York? 10 
10. What is meant by the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - - . - - June, 1888. 

1. How must the vacancy now existing in the Supreme Court of the United 

States be filled? 20 

2. Why is the income from our State prisons now much less than tlie cost of 

conducting them? 20 

3. What is Arbor Day in this State? 20 

4. Name one of the two cities chartered by our last Legislature. 20 

5. Of what organization is T. V. Powderly the chief executive officer? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ . _ . . August 14, 1888. 

Twenty credits are allowed for each of five questions selected from the following by the 
candidate : 

1. Who is the only living ex-President of the United States? 

2. Who is Emperor of Germany? 

3. Who are the Mormons? 

4. What is meant by the words hoodie aldermen ? 

5. Wliat is meant by the term boycott? 

6. For what is Watkins, N. Y., noted? 

7. State two methods of propelling street cars without the use of a steam 

locomotive. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 1, 1888. 

Ten credits are given for each of five (jiiestions to be selected from the following by the 
candidate : 

1. What specially eminent divine of tliis State died within the past two years? 

2. Name two of the three cities chartered by the last Legislature of New York. 

3. What is meant ])y the totcnship system as applied to schools? 

4. Name two prominent features of tiie Uniform Examination system, now 

in use in this State. 

5. What is meant by civil service reform ? 

6. Who is now the presiding officer of the LTuited States Senate? 

7. For what is Saratoga noted ? 

80 



State of New York. 
department of p ublig ijsfstb ugtion. 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... May 5, 1888. 

1. Albany, Potsdam, Cortland, Oswego, Geneseo, Brockport, Buffalo, Fredonia, 

New Paltz. 

2. Seventy-sir. 

3. Riverside Park, New York city. 

4. By means of elevated railroads. 

5. May 30th. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. Answers will vary. 

8. Answei's will vary. • 

9. Abram S. Hewitt. 

10. A secret organization of locomotive engineers whose object is mutual assistance 
and protection for its members. 

2d and 3rd Grades, --.... June, 1888. 

1. By nomination by the President and confirmation by the Senate. 

2. Because of the abolition of the contract system in prison management of labor. 

3. By act of the Legislature, the first Friday after the first day of May is made 

Arbor Day, on which day special exercises are to be held in the several 
schools, under direction of school oiBcers in accordance with plans prescribed 
by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

4. Hornellsville or Ithaca. 

5. The Knights of Labor. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . August 14, 1888. 

1. Rutherford B. Hayes. 
3. Wilhelm II. 

3. The first settlers of Utah whose religion is based on the Book of Mormon, which 

permits polygamy. 

4. Aldermen who were bribed to vote for certain measures. 

5. An agreement among a large number of persons not to buy any thing of certain 

individuals, or not to purchase of anybody articles manufactured by persons 

who are obnoxious to those making the agreement. The object is to compel 

compliance with their demands. 
G. Its glen, a very deep and romantic chasm cut out by a stream of water. 
7. (1) By horses, (2) by electricity, (3) by a moving wire cable between the rails 

and below the surface of the ground. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 1, 1888. 

1. Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. 

2. Hornellsville, Ithaca, and Middletown are the three. 

3. Each town has one school board controlling all of the schools of the town. 

4. No answer needs to be given here. 

5. The appointment of persons to offices of a minor character, as the result of 

competitive examinations, and tlie retention in oflice of the appointees. 

6. John J. Ingalls. 

7. For its mineral sjjrings and its immense hotels. 

81 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TJON Q UESTIONS. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 
2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 11, 1888. 

Ten credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the 
candidate; 

1. What is meant l)y the River and Harbor Bill? 

2. Name a candidate recently nominated for a State office by one of the leading 

political parties of tliis State and specify the oflice. 

3. What is meant by Presidential Electors? 

4. Between what nations was the proposed Fisheries Treaty of 1888 negotiated? 

5. Wliat prominent officer of the United States army died in the summer of 

1888? 
Who succeeds him? 

6. What is the phonograph? 
Name the inventor. 

7. What is meant by a W^agner or Pullman car? 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- October 6, 1888. 

Twentv credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the 
candidate : 

1. What are TrusU? 

2. Name the candidates of the two great jwlitical parties, for Governor of this 

State. 

3. What noted astronomer died about the middle of last month? 

4. Which States held their State elections last month? 

5. What has recently called attention to Jacksonville, Fla.? 

6. Mention the legal holidays in this State? 

7. Tlie moneys used for meeting the expenses of tne national government are re- 

ceived from what source? 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ . . . - November 3, 1888. 

Twenty credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the 
candidate : 

1. What is meant by Home Rale? 

2. Who is the most celebrated American explorer of recent times? 
Locate his field of work. 

3. What is meant by a corner as used in connection with the late advance in 

the price of wheat ? 

4. Mention five European sovereigns or rulers, naming countries ruled respect- 

ively. 

5. Define Jianlcrnptcy. 

6. Name three educational journals. 

7. How must the death penaltv be inflicted in this State after Dec. 81, 1888? 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ - - . - January 5, 1889. 

Twenty credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the 
candidate : 

1. Who has just been electetl Speaker of tiie Assembly? 

2. What noted Englishman recently wedded an American bride, and who was the 

lady? 

82 



State of New York. 
department of public instru ction. 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd. Grades, . . . - September 11, 1888. 

1. An act of Congress making large appropriations for the improv^ement of rivers 

and harbors in various parts of the country. 

2. Governor — Warner Miller. Lieut.-Governor — S. V. R. Cruger. Judge of 

Court of Appeals — Wm. Rumsey. 

3. Persons chosen in each State once in four years, to elect a President and Vice- 

President of the United States. 

4. United States and Great Britain. 

5. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan. 
Gen. Schofleld, 

6. A machine that records and reproduces sounds. 
Edison. 

7. A drawing-room or sleeping car specially provided with comforts and con- 

veniences of travel, for -which an extra charge is made. 

2d and 3rd Grades, October 6, 1888. 

1. Business combinations formed by manufacturers or producers to avoid competition. 

2. Warner Miller, Republican; David B. Hill, Democrat. 

3. Richard Anthonj^ Proctor. 

4. A''ermont and Maine. 

5. The prevalence of yellow fever in a malignant form. 

6. The following days and half-days namely: The first day of January, commonly called New- 

Year's Day; the twenty-second day of February, known as Washington's Birthday ; the 
thirtieth day of May, known as DecoVatiou Day ; the fourth day of July, called Independence 
Day ; the first Monday of September, to be known hereafter as Labor Day ; the twenty-fifth 
day of December, known as Christmas Day; any general election day in this State; every 
Saturday from twelve o'clock at noou until twelve o'clock at midnight; and any day ap- 
pointed or recommended by the Governor of this State, or the President of the United 
States, as a day of thanksgiving, or fasting or prayer, or other religious observance. 

7. From tariff duties ou imported goods, and internal taxes on tobacco, spirits and oleomargarine. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - - - November 3, 1888. 

1. The rule of a country, province or state by a Legislature, sitting within it, and whose repre- 

sentative members are elected solely by its inhabitants. 

2. Henry M. Stanley. South Central Africa. 

3. See su-pplement to Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. 

4. Victoria I, Queen of Great Britain; Maria Christina, Queen-Regent of Spain; M. Sadi-Carnot, 

President of France ; W. F. Hertenstein, President of Switzerland ; Francis Joseph, Em- 
peror of Austria; William II, Emperor of Germany ; Alexander III, Emperor of Russia; 
Humbert I, Kingof Italv; Oscar II, King of Sweden and Norway; Luis I, King of Portu- 
gal ; George I, "King of Greece; Christian IX, King of Denmark; Willem III, King of 
Netherlands; Leopold II, King of Belgium; Abdul llamid II, Sultan of Turkey. 

5. The state of a person or firm whose business is stopped and broken up because he is insolvent. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. After December SI, 1888, the punishment of death must, in every case, be inflicted by causing 

to pass through the body of the convict a current of electricity of sufficient intensity to cause 
death, and the application of such current must be continued until such convict is dead. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ... - - January 5, 1889. 

1. Fremont Cole. 



2. Joseph Chamberlain ; Miss Endicott, daughter of the present Secretary of War. 

S3 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAM IN A TION Q UE8TI0N8. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

2d and 3rd Grades, January 5, 1889. 

3. What educational meeting will be held in New York city next week? 

4. \Nho is the central figure in French politics at present? 

5. What foreign Minister was recently dismissed by President Cleveland? 

6. What nation recently seized one of our merchant vessels, and what action in 

connection therewith, was immediately taken by our government? 

7. What is meant by the surjjlus, so often mentioned in discussions of the 

national financial policy? 

2d and 3rd Grades, February 2, 1889. 

Twenty credits are given for each of five questious selected by the candidate from the 
following: 

1. Mention one result of the cyclones occurring during the past month, in the 

Eastern States. 

2. What is meant by the President's Cabinet ? 

3. Name two great steamers now running between New York and Liverpool. 

4. Who is Henry M. Stanley? 

5. When did the Electoral College last meet to choose a President and Vice- 

President of the United States? 

6. Name four educational journals published in this State. 

7. What is meant by annexation as now used in the newspapers? 

2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . - March 2, 1889. 

Twenty credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the 
candidate : 

1. What recent event does the name Eaytien RepuUic suggest? 

2. The Samoan controversy is chiefly between what two great nations? 

3. Who is Mayor of New York city? Who is Lieutenant-Governor of this 

State? 

4. What great strike recently occurred in this State? In what cities? 

5. Mention two bills which have been introduced during the present session of 

our State Legislature. 
G. Wiio are the White Caps ? 
7. Why are very many convicts in our State prisons idle? 

2d and 3d Grades, March 12, 1889. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only five, to each of which twenty credits 
are assigned : 

1. Name two reasons wliich have been proposed for restricting immigration. 

2. What was the nature of the recent hotel disaster in Hartford? State the cause. 

3. What is the new system of warming railroad cars? Why was it adopted? 

4. What is meant by the Parncll investigatiun? 

5. What has been done to relieve the pressure of business before the Court of 

Api^eals? 

6. W^hat new Cabinet office has recently been created? 

7. Give name and official title of three members of President Harrison's Cabinet? 

84 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT F P UBLl C INS T BU C T I ON. 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 5, 1889. 

3. Annual meeting of the New York State Association of School Commissioners and 

Superintendents. 

4. General Boulanger. 

5. Sackville West. 

6. The Republic of Hayti. Ships of war were dispatched to that country to enforce 

the claims of our government. 

7. Moneys received from tariff duties on imported goods and internal taxes on 

tobacco, spirits, and oleomargarine in excess of the appropriations for the 
expenses of the government. 

2d and 3rd Grades, _____ February 2, 1889. 

1. Great loss of life and property at Pittsburg and Reading, Pa. 
Destruction of the upper susjiension bridge at Niagara Falls. 

2. The seven men who are heads of departments in the national government; they 

are the President's official advisers. 

3. City of New York, — City of Rome, — Umbria, etc., etc. 

4. A great African explorer. 

5. January 14, last, 

6. School Bulletin, School Journal, Teachers' Institute, Educational Gazette, 

Normal Instructor, etc. 

7. The annexation of Canada to the United States. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - _ _ _ _ March 2, 1889. 

1. The Haytien government having seized the Hayficn RejmUic, an American 

steamship, the United States government sent a naval force to demand the 
surrender of the vessel. The President of Hayti immediately complied with 
the order. 

2. Germany and the United States. 

3. Hugh J. Grant. Edward F. Jones. 

4. Of car drivers and conductors. New York and Brooklyn. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. A secret organization of men who in disguise have committed numerous outrages 

under the pretense of punishing wrongs. 

7. The State abolished the contract system of labor in the State prisons, and has not 

yet adopted an adequate substitute. 

2d and 3d Grades, . _ - - . March 12, 1889. 

1. Answers may differ. 

2. The hotel was wrecked by the explosion of a steam boiler. 

3. The heating of cars by steam from the locomotive. To avoid danger of fire from 

stoves, in case of accident. 

4. An investigation by the Englisli government to determine the truth or falsity of 

certain charges connecting Charles Stewart Parnell with certain crimes com- 
mitted in England and Ireland. 

5. A supplementary Court of Appeals lias been formed by the appointment by the 

Governor, of judges from the Supreme Court. 

6. Secretary of Agriculture. 

7. Answeramay differ. 

85 



State of New York. 

UNI F li M E X A MI NATION q UH i5TI0N8. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 
2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . April 6, 1889. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only five, to each of which twenty credits 
are assigned : 

1. What is meant by lallot reform? 

3. Who is the presiding officer of the United States Senate? 

3. What centennial will be celebrated April 30th next? Where? 

4. What is meant by rapid transit? 

5. What prominent journalist has President Harrison recently appointed to a 

foreign mission? 

6. What institute conductor of this State died last December? To what branch of 

teaching had he been giving his special attention during the past year? 

7. Who are the United States Senators repesenting New York? 

8. What is meant by constitutmial 2}rohibition ? 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . . May 4, 1889, 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only five, to each of which twenty credits 
are assigned: 

1. The name of John Ericsson, recently deceased, was prominently connected with 

what event of the Civil War? 

2. Who is the only surviving ex- Vice-President of the United States? 

3. Give the location of the alleged rich gold fields recently discovered. 

4. What Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court died recently? 

5. What noted English statesman died last March? 

6. Briefly describe the recent casualties in Samoa. 

7. State three uses of electricity in the mechanic arts, 

8. State the rate of postage on first-class domestic mail matter. 

9. What government land has been recently opened to settlement by proclamation 

of President Harrison? 

10, What sons of ex-Presidents have been recently appointed to foreign missions? 



DRAWING. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 7, 1888. 

1. What is geometric drawing? 10 

2. Define perspective. 10 

3. Draw an outline of a cube. 20 

4. Draw a triangle ; a circle ; a parallelogram ; an ellipse ; an oval. 30 

5. Show the application of compound curves in drawing the outline of a 

pitcher; of a vase. 30 

Note. — This subject omitted after this date — pending instruction to be given at Teachers' In- 
stitutes. 

86 



State of New York. 

DEFAUTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . April 6, 1889. 

1. A change in the niar.uer of conducting elections to secure secrecy in voting, and 

to provide ballots at public expense, 

2. Vice-President Levi P. Morton. 

3. The inauguration of George Washington as the first President of the United 

States. In New York. 

4. Improved facilities for conveyance, which shall reduce or lessen the time required 

at present. 

5. Whitelaw Reid. (Other nominations may be made which Commissioners are 

authorized to accept). 

6. Dr. John H. French. Industrial Drawing. 
7 Wm. M. Evarts and Frank Hiscock. 

8. A constitutional amendment which shall prohibit the trafBc in alcoholic spirits. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . - . May 4, 1889. 

1. The building of the Monitor. 
3. Hannibal Hamlin. 

3. Lower California. 

4. Stanley Matthews. 

5. John Bright. 

G. Answers may differ. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Two cents for each ounce or fraction of an ounce, 

9. Oklahoma. 

10. Robert T, Lincoln and Frederick D. Grant. 



DRAWING.— Answers. 



2d and 3rd Grades, , . . . . January 7, 1888. 

1. Geometric drawing is the representation, upon a plane surface, of geometric 

forms, with respect to to their corresponding dimensions. 

3. Perspective is the appearance that any object presents to the eye, with respect 

to form, lights and shadows. 

3, 4, 5. No answers required. 

87 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

GENERAL QUESTIONS. 
1st, 2d. and 3rd. Grades, . _ . . September 3, 1887. 

Note. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four examinations iu this 
subject held in 1S67 : 

1st Grade. — All questions iu every subject apply to first grade licenses. 

ild Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, apply to second 
grade licenses. 

37'd Grade. — Questions printed in italics only, apply to third grade licenses. — See Kegulatious. 

1. What is the organization hnown as the Knights of Labor? 20 

2. Name Jive living American authors, and three statesmen. 20 

3. Outline hriejly your lilan for the first day in school. 20 

4. How may a teacher cultivate a taste for good reading? 20 

5. What is meant by Civil Service Reform? 20 

1st, 2ci and 3rd Grades, - . - . October 3, 1887. 

1. Name {a) two American inventors ; 

(b) ' ' lexicographers / 

(c) " naturalists; 

(d) ' ' novelists ; 

(e) ' ' historians ; 
if) " poets; 

(g) " journalists; 

(h) " painters; 

(i) " sculptors; 

(j) " orators. 30 

2. Classify the faculties of the mind. 20 

3. Mention six oljects of the recitation. 20 

4. Who are the present U. S. Senators from this State? Who is your Bepresenta- 

tive in Congress? 10 

5. Locate the normal schools in this State. 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . November 5, 1887. 

1. Name five of the leading n^icspapers of the United States. 20 

2. Name the towns of your county, and also the county seat. 20 

3. What centennial was celebrated in Philadelphia the week of September 11, 18S7 ? 20 

4. What is the principal subject of disimte at the present time between the 

United States and Canada? 20 

5. What is understood by Authors' Day Exercises in school work? 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . December 3. 1887. 

1. Name three State Educational Associations of the State of New York. 20 

2. Wliat international sailing contest took place in the month of September, 1SS7 ? 

What nations were represented ? What vessels jmrt icijMted J IIoiu many 
trials ? Which won ? 20 

3. Name ten good books for a teachefs lihrary, and give reasons for the selection. 20 

4. Name the State officers elected in this State in 1887, giving the office to 

which each was elected and the date upon which his term of office begins. 20 

5. Mention the leading manufactures of this county, and locate the principal 

manufacturing estaljlishments. 20 

88 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GENERAL QUESTIONS.— Answers. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 3, 1887. 

1. A society, secret ia its nature and composed of wage-workers, to protect the 

interests of labor. 

2. Bancroft, Holmes, Warner, Clemens, Aldrich. Conkling, Thurman, Blaine. 

3. Be early at school. Have all preparations completed before the hour for com- 

mencing. Take names of pupils as soon as they reach school, and learn what 
you can relative to their studies. Call to order on time. Introduce yourself 
with a few pleasant remarks. Make opening exercises short. Complete en- 
rollment. Assign lessons. Begin with tlie order of study and recitation that 
you think it will be desirable to continue. 

4. By reading the best authors. 

5. The appointment of persons to civil offices on the sole ground of qualifications 

therefor. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - October 3, 1887. 

1. irt) Robt. Fultou and Samuel F. B. Morse; 
(I)) Jos. E. Worcester and Noah Webster; 

((') Jno. Jas. Audubon and Louis J. R. Agassiz; 

(d) Washington Irving and J. Fenimore Cooper; 

(e) George Bancroft and Jno. Lothrop Motley; 
(,/') Jno. G. Whittier and Henry W^. Longfellow; 
(_</) Jas. Gordon Bennet, Sr., and Horace Greeley ; 
(h) Benjamin West and Gilbert Chas. Stuart; 

(/) Hiram Powers and Harriet Goodhue "Hosmer- 
(,/ ) Daniel W^ebster and Henry W^ard Beecher. 
Others of good standing should be accepted. 

2. The perceptive faculties, the retentive faculties, and the reflective faculties. 

3. L Instruction imparted by the teacher; 

2. ^Mental training for the pupil; 

3. To induce study ; 

4. To test preparation ; 

5. To correct errors or mistakes ; 

6. To form habits of attention, readiness and self-possession, 

4. 1. William M. Evarts, Frank Hiscock. 2, Answer according to localitv. 

5. Albany, Buffalo, Brockport, Cortlf.nd, Fredouia, Geneseo, JJew Paltz," Oneonta, Oswego and 

Potsdam. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - . November 5, 1887. 

1-2. Xo answers required. 

3. The centennial of the adoption of the Constitution of the United States. 

4. The fisheries question. 

5. The practice in many schools of observing the birthday of any noted author, by 

the reading and reciting of selections from his writings. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . December 3, 1887. 

1. The New York State Teachers' Association; the New York State Association of 

School Commissioners and City Superintendents; the University Convocation 
of the State of New York, etc. 

2. The contest for the America's cup; the British and tiie American; the Scotch 

yacht Thistle, and the American yacht Volunteer; two; the Volunteer. 

3. No answer required. 

4. Sec newspapers. Jan'y 1, 1888. 

5. Answer according to locality. 

89 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tl on q ues tions. 

GEOGRAPHY. 
1st, 2d and 3d Grades, . . _ . September 3, 1887. 

Note. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four examiuatious in this 
subject held iu 1887 : 

1st Grade. — All questions in every subject apply to first grade licenses. 

2d Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, apply to second 
grade licenses. 

Srd Grade. — Questions printed iu italics only, apply to third grade licenses. 

1. Define, iy outline or othevicise, the houndaries of your own county, slioicing 

its position in the State. 5 

2. Name three canals in the United States, and mention the waters connected hy each. 10 

3. Give route iy water from Boston to St: Louis ; from St. Augustine to Naples. 10 

4. Give the geographical position of France ; its form of government ; its climate 

and leading productions ; three important cities ; two rivers. 20 

5. State what you know of the geographical distribution of coal and iron in the 

United States. 15 

6. What is meant by standard eastern time ? 20 

7. Name the river basins of North America. 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - October 1, 1887. 

1. What State is noted for the production of {(i) rice; (h) gold; (c) silver ; (d) sugar; 

{e) coal- {f) oranges ; (g) tobacco ; (h) marble ; (J) zinc ; (j) tar ; (k) cotton ; 

(l) copper ; (m) wine; {n) ijetroleum, and (o) salt? 15 

2. What counties in New York border on the great lakes f 10 

3. Bound this State. 10 

4. Mention six modifications of climate. 10 

5. Name and locate five of the leading cities of Great Britain, mentioning a 

leading industry of each. 15 

6. What determines the width of the zones? 20 

7. Name the five great poicers of Europe, and the form of government in 

each. '20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - -^ - November 5, 1887. 

1. Name {a) the natural divisions of land ; (b) the natural divisions of neater. 12 

3. Name and describe three of the principal rivei's of the State of New Yorh. 13 

3. Name and locate (a) the chief commercicd city of the U. S.; (5) of Great Britain; 

(c) of Brazil; (d) of Holland. 12 

4. What form of government has (a) the United States? (b) Great Britain ? (c) 

Bussia ? 12 

5. What is (a) the soiirce of a river ? (b) its right bank ? (c) a delta f 13 

6. Name and locate the principal mountain range of (a) North America; {b) 

Europe; {(•) Africa; (d) Soutli America. 20 

7. Bound by parallels the temperate zones of the eartli. 20 

90 



State of New York. 
department of public ins t li u c t i on. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 
1st, 2d. and 3rd Grades, .... September 3, 1887. 

1. Answer according to locality. 

2. Erie canal. Lake Erie and Hudson river. 
Delaware and Hudson. Delaware and Hudson rivers. 
Wabash and Erie. Lake Erie and Ohio river. 

3. From Boston on Boston harbor, Massachusetts bay, Atlantic ocean, Florida strait, Gulf of 

ilexico, and Mississippi river to St. Louis. 
From St. Augustine on Atlantic ocean. Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean sea, and Bay of 
Naples to Naples. 

4. Western part of Europe; republic; climate varied; productions, silk, wine, semi-tropical 

fruits, and cereals; Paris, Marseilles and Lyons; Seine and Rhone. 

5. The principal coal fields of the United States are those of the Appalachian region, Hlinois, and 

western Lidiana, and Missouri and southern Iowa. The principal iron fields are in the 
Appalachian region, and in Missouri. 

6. The time adopted by those railroad companies whose roads are in that belt contiguous to the 

75th meridian, seven and one-half degrees approximately, on each side. It is five hours 
slower than Greenwich time. 

7. The Arctic slope, the Hudson Bay basin, the St. Lawrence basin, the Atlantic slope, the Miss- 

issippi basin, the Great Basin, and the Pacific slope. 

1st, 2d and 3rd. Grades, ----- October 1, 1887. 

1. (a) S. C; {h) Cal.; {c) Nev.; {d) La. ; {e) Penn. ; ( f) Fla.; {q) Ky . ; (A) Vt. ; (i) N. J. ; ( ;) N. C. ; 

(k) Miss. ; (I) Mich. ; (m) Cal. ; {n) Penn.; (o) N. Y. 

2. Chautauqua, Erie, Niagara, Orleans, Monroe, Wayne, Cayuga, Oswego and Jefferson. 

3. Lake Erie, Niagara R., L. Ontario, St. Lawrence R., dominion of Canada, L. Champlain, 

Poultuey R., Vt., Mass., Conn., L. L Sound, Atlantic 0., Lower Bay, Raritan Bay, Staten L 
Sound, "Newark Bay, Kill von KuU, N. Y. Bay, Hudson R., N. J., Delaware R., and Penn. 

4. 1. Latitude; 2. Altitude; 3. Proximity to any great body of water; 4. Ocean currents; 

5. Prevailing winds; 6. Slope of surface. 

5. London, S. E. part of England, on the Thames R. ; manufactures clothing. 
Liverpool, western part of England on the Mersey R. ; commercial pursuits. 
Glasgow, south-central part of Scotland on the Clyde R. ; manufactures iron steamships. 
Birmingham, central part of England; manufactures hardware. 

^Manchester, north-central part of England; manufactures cotton goods. 

6. The inclination of the earth's axis. 

7. Gt. Britain and Ireland ; kingdom ; limited monarchy. 
Germany; empire; limited monarchy 

France; republic. Russia; empire; despotism. Austro-Hungary ; empire ; limited monarchy. 

1st, 2d and 3d Grades, - November 5, 1887. 

1. (a) Continent, island, isthmus, peninsula, cape, promontory, mountain. 
ih) Ocean, sea, gulf or bay, strait, channel, lake, river. 

2. The Hudson river rises in the north-eastern part of New York, and flows southerlj- into New 

Vorkbay. The Mohawk river rises in the northern-central part of New York, and flows 
easterly "into the Hudson. The Genesee river rises in the south-western part of New York, 
and flows northerly into Lake Ontario. 

3. (a) New York on New I'ork bay in the south-eastern part of the State of New York, (b) Lon- 

don, in the south-eastern part of England, on the Thames river, (c) Rio Janeiro, in the 
south-eastern part of Brazil, on the Atlantic ocean, (d) xVmsterdam, in the western part of 
Holland, on the Zuyder Zee. 

4. (a) Federal republic, (i) Limited (or constitutional) monarchy, (c) Despotism, or absolute 

monarchy. 

5. (a) The place where it rises or begins, {h) The bank on the right when going down the stream. 

(c) Land formed in and about the mouth of a river by deposits of earth washed down by the 
current. 

6. (a) The Rock}' mountains, extending north-west and south-east in the western part, {h) The 

Alps, extending east and west in the southern-central part, (c) The Mountains of the Moon, 
extending north and south in the eastern part, {d) The Andes, extending north and south 
iu the western part. 

7. The North Tetn])erate zone is bounded on the north by the parallel of 66° 30' north latitude, and 

on the south by the parallel 23° 30' north latitude. The South Temperate zone is bounded 
on the north by the parallel 23° 30' south latitude, and on the south by the parallel 66° 30' 
south latitude. 

91 



State of New York, 
uniform examination questions. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, .... December 3, 1887. 

1. Name the great lakes and the outlet of each. 15 

2. Which one of the United States extends farthest east? ichich farthest vest? 10 

3. Name the principal river (a) of Alahama ; (l>) of Virginia ; (c) of PennsTjlvania; 

(d) of California ; (e) of Indiana. 10 

4. What is the principal vegetahle 2iroduct {a) of Minnesota? (h) of Virginia? (c) of 

Louisiana? (d) of 3Iississippi ? (e) of Illinois ? 15 

5. Which grand division has (a) the highest mountains ? Q)) the largest river ? (c) the 

largest lakes? 10 

6. What are isothermal lines? 20 

7. Upou what does the fertility of a large part of Egypt depend? 20 

1st Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. What nation controls the Suez canal? What waters does it connect? 10 

2. Name five valuable articles of commerce exported from Africa. 10 

3. Through what waters should a ship pass in going from the city of BulTalo, 

the most direct way, to the Atlantic ocean? 10 

4. Name three important lines of railroad over which you may pass from Chi- 

cago to San Francisco. 10 

5. Name a city where the days and nights are exactly equal throughout the 

year. 10 

G. Name ten cities located in the following counties of this State: Chautauqua, 

Oneida, Broome, Monroe, Dutchess, Kings, Ulster, Chemung. 10 

7. Name five countries of Europe bordering on the Mediterranean sea. 10 

8. Locate the Philippine Islands-, the Sandwich Islands. 10 

9. Define plateau ; water-slied. 10 

10. If an isothermal line were drawn from the east coast of North America 
through the British Islands to Norway, where would it be in highest lati- 
tude, in America, in Great Britain, or in Norway? Where would it be in 

lowest latitude? " 10 

1st Grade, May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. What parallels of latitude form parts of tlie boundaries of New York State? 10 

2. Give the political boundaries of Iowa. 10 

3. Name and locate the great English seaport for trade with the Uuited States. 10 

4. Wliat two countries of Europe are republics? 10 

5. Name the largest three rivers of Africa. 10 
G. What are the dikes of Holland? Why were they built? 10 

7. Where are the Hebrides Islands? To what country do they belong? 10 

8. What and where is the Sargosso sea? 10 

9. WheLt is stand a7'd time? 10 
10. Why is a degree of longitude at Albany shorter than a degree of latitude at 

the same place? 10 

92 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 
1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, December 3, 1887. 

1. Lake Superior — outlet, St. Marj''s river; 
Lai<e Michigan — outlet, Straits of Mackinaw ; 
Lake Huron — outlet, St. Clair river; 

Lake Erie — outlet, Niagara river; 

Lake Ontario — outlet, St. Lawrence river. 

2. Maine extends farthest east; Oregon, farthest west. 

3. (a) Alabama river; (J) James river; (c) Susquehanna river; (fZ) Sacramento river; («) Wa- 

bash river. 

4. (a) Wheat; {h) tobacco; (c) sugar cane; {d) cotton; («) corn. 

5. (a) Asia; (A) South America; (c) North America. 

6. Imaginary lines upon the earth's surface representing the localities having the same average 

temperature. 

7. Upon the anuual overflow of the Nile. 

1st Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Great Britain. The Mediterranean sea and the Red sea. 

2. Any five from the following: gold, ivory, gums, valuable woods, ostrich feathers, 

palm oil, spices, sugar, diamonds, wool, hides. 

3. Lake Erie, Wellaud canal, Lake Ontario, St. Lawrence river, Gulf of St. Law- 

rence. 

4. Northern Pacific, Central Pacific, Southern Pacific, 

5. Quito. 

6. Dunkirk, Jamestown, Utica, Rome, Binghamtou, Rochester, Poughkeepsie, 

Brooklyn, Kingston, Elmira. 

7. Spain, France, Italy, Turkey, Greece. 

8. Philippine Islands in the Pacific ocean, off the coast of China; Sandwich Islands 

in the Pacific ocean, west of North America. 

9. A plateau is an elevated plain ; a water.shed is a ridge or divide between two 

river basins. 
10. Its latitude would be highest in Norway and lowest in America. 

1st Grade, - . _ . . May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. 42° and 45°. 

2. It is bounded north by Minnesota, east by Wisconsin and Illinois, south by 

Missouri, and west by Nebraska and Dakota. 

3. Liverpool, on the Mersey, in the northwestern part of England. 

4. France and Switzerland, 
o. Nile, Niger, and Congo. 

G. High embankments. They were built to reclaim land which had been overflowed 
by tlie ocean. 

7. They are northwest of the mainland of Scotland, and belong to that country. 

8. A grassy sea in the Atlantic ocean, west of the northern part of Africa. 

9. Time is reckoned from 60th, 75tii, 90th, 105th and 120th degrees of west longitude. 
10. Owing to the gradual approach to each other of the meridians, in the latitude of 

Albany the degrees of hiuj'itnde are nuich shorter, while latitude is reckoned 
from parallel to parallel, and the degrees remain of the same length. 

93 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TION Q UESTI0N8. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1st Grade, . . . - . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. Bound New York State. (By political divisions and the Atlantic ocean.) 10 

2. Where does the Red River of the North rise? In what direction and into 

what does it flow? 10 

3. Name and locate the largest city of (a) Illinois, Qi) Louisiana, (r) California, 

{d) Virginia. 10 

4. What bodies of water does the Welland canal connect? What nation con- 

trols that canal? 10 

5. Where are the Aleutian Islands? To what nation do they belong? 10 

6. Name the large river on the bounding line between South Carolina and 

Georgia, What large city near its mouth? 10 

7. Describe an all-water route from Liverpool to Constantinople. 10 

8. Account for the mildness of the climate of Southern France. (43° N. lati- 

tude.) 10 

9. When will the next winter solstice occur? 10 
10. Define {n) perihelion, (?>) apogee, and (c) equinox. 10 
1st Grade, . . . - - March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Define climate; latitude; parallel. 10 

2. On which side of the Andes mountains are the longest rivers? Why? 10 

3. Mention two routes by which a loaded canal boat can leave Toronto, and 

reach New York city without going to sea? 10 

4. Name and locate five important cities west of the Mississippi river, in the 

the United States. . 10 

5. Name three great railroad routes from New York city to Buffalo. 10 

6. Name five agricultural and five mineral jjroductions of the United States, 

and state where each is produced. 10 

7. Locate Moscow ; Naples ; Venice ; Brussels ; The Hague. 10 

8. Name and locate the capital of Ireland ; Scotland ; Denmark ; Spain ; Switz- 

erland. 10 

9. Distinguish between local and standard time. 10 
10. State the causes for the differences of climate in tlie Torrid zone. 10 
2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 7, 1888. 

1. (a) What large gulf on the western coast of Africa? (/*) What large river 

flows into'it? 10 

2. (a) Which pole is now in darkness? Qi) When did it pass into darkness? 10 

3. To what European government does Greenland belong? Cuba? The Ber- 

mudas? 10 

4. What rivers unite to form the Ohio? tlie Missouri? 10 

5. Wiiich of the grand divisions are peninsulas? Which is composed of 

islands? 10 

G. What are great circles of a sphere? Small circles? 10 

7. Name the islands known as the Greater Antilles. 10 

8. Name five important cities on the line of the New York Central R. R. 10 
9.. Locate the principal salt works of New York. 10 

10. Define — water-shed; isthmus; foot-hills; canon; peninsula. 10 

94 



State of New York. 
dep a r t m e n t o f p up li c inst it u c tion. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

1st Grade, . . . - . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. North by Canada and Connecticut; east by Vermont, Massacliusetts, Connecti- 

cut and the Atlantic ocean; south by the Atlantic ocean, New Jersey and 
Pennsylvania; west by New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Canada. 

2. In the northern part of the United States. It flows north into Lake Winnij^eg. 

3. (a) Chicago on Lake Michigan; (A) New Orleans on the Mississippi; (c) San 

Francisco on the bay ; {d) Richmond on the James. 

4. Lakes Erie and Ontario. England. 

5. The western part of Alaska. United States. 

6. The Savannah river. Savannah. 

7. Answers may vary slightly. 

8. It is caused by the Avarm westerly and south-westerly winds blowing over that 

section. 

9. December 21, 1888. 

10. (rt) Near the sun (relating to the earth's nearness to the sun); (J) From the earth 
(relating to the moon's distance from the earth); (c) Equal night (referring to 
the time when day and night are of equal length). 

1st Grade, - - - - - March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. The condition of the atmosphere with regard to heat and moisture. Distance 

north or south from the equator. A small circle parallel to the equator. 

2. On the east side. Because the slope is less abrupt, the area drained is much 

greater, and there is a greater rainfall. 

3. Answers may diffei". 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. Answers may differ. 

7. In Central Russia. On the Mediterranean sea, in western Italy. On the Gulf 

of Venice, in north-eastern Italy. In central Belgium. On the North sea, 
in Holland. 

8. Dublin, in the eastern part. Edinburgh, in the eastern part. Copenhagen, on 

an arm of the Baltic sea, in the eastern part. Madrid, in the central part. 
Berne, in the western part. 

9. Local time is the true time at any place. Standard time is reckoned, in the 

United States, from the meridians 75°, 90% 105% and 120° W. 
10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, , . . . - January 7, 1888. 

1. {a) Gulf of Guinea. (7^) The Niger. 

2. (a) The North pole, {h) Sept. 22, 1887. 

3. Greenland belongs to Denmark, Cuba to Spain, and the Bermudas to Great Britain. 

4. The Allegheny and the Monougahela; the Jefferson, the Madison and tlie Gallatin. 

5. South America and Africa; Occanica. 

6. A great circle of a sphere divides the surface of the sphere into two equal parts, 

— Ex., the equator and the meridian circles. A small circle of a sphere divides 
the surface into two unequal parts, — E.x., the parallel circles. 

7. Cuba, Hayti, Porto Rico, and Jamaica. 

8. Albany, Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo. 

9. Near Syracuse, and near Warsaw, Wyoming Co. 

10. A water-shed is the ridge or elevation between two bodies of water. An isthu- 
mus is a narrow piece of land connecting two larger bodies. Foot-hills are 
the elevations that are found on approaching mountains. A canon is a deep 
rocky goi-ge in the mountains. A peninsula is a portion of land largely sun 
rounded by water. 

96 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - - . February, 1888. 

1. Name aud locate the five largest cities in this State. 10 

3. There are ten seas in and around Europe; name them. 10 

3. Name, in order, the ten States that touch Mississippi river, beginning at its 

source. 10 

4. Name four States in which coal is found in abundance. 10 

5. Describe the shortest all-water route from New Orleans to Borneo. 10 

6. On what geographical circle are the days and nights always of equal length? 10 

7. "Why is the climate of northern Europe warmer than that of North America 

in the same latitude? 10 

8. Name {a) the three most northerly counties of this State; Qi) the most 

easterly county ; (c) the most southerly county ; {d) the most westerly 

county. 10 

9. Name and locate five large European cities. 10 
10. Name the largest river of Africa that flows westerly. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 3, 1888. 

1. Name the lakes on which the following villages are situated, respectively: 

(1) Plattsburgh, (2) Penu Yan, (3) Cooperstown, (4) Geneva, (5) Canan- 
daigua. 10 

2. In what river basins are the following cities located, respectively : (1) Toronto, 

(2) Minneapolis, (3) Salem, (4) Trenton, ^5) Hartford? 10 

3. Name three States aud two territories that border on Nebraska. 10 

4. What is the latitude and longitude of a point that is 180°, measured on a 

great circle, from a point that is north latitude 40° and west longitude 70"? 10 

5. Name five countries bordering on the Argentine Republic or La Plata. 10 

6. Into what bodies of water do the following rivers flow, respectively : Loire, 

Dwina, Ganges, Brazos, Merrimac? 10 

7. Name the bodies of water in which the following islands are located respect- 

ively: Jamaica, Anticosti, Mauritius, Isle of Man, Gothland. 10 

8. Name five seas that touch Eussia in Europe. 10 

9. What is a delta? How do deltas grow? Name three large rivers that have 

large deltas. 10 

10. What river basin has the most luxuriant vegetable growth of any on the 

American continent? Give two causes for this. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 13, 1888. 

1. Name the five principal tributaries of the Mississippi. 10 

2. What form of government has Russia? England? France? ■Mexico? Brazil? 10 

3. In what zones is North America? Africa? 10 

4. What mountain range on the boundary between France and Spain? Be- 

tween Norway and Sweden? Between Russia and Siberia? Between 

Thibet and Hindostan? Only two of the four ranges required. 10 

5. Name five principal river boundaries of the United States. 10 

6. Mention the zones of the eartli, giving the width of each in degrees. 10 

96 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers, 
2d and 3rd Grades, ... - - February, 1888. 

1. New York, at the mouth of the Hudson; Brooklyn, on the west end of Long Island; Albauj-, 

on the west bank of the Hudson; Rochester, on Genesee river; Buffalo, on Lake Erie. 

2. White, Caspian, Black, Marmora, Archipelago, Adriatic, Mediterranean, Irish, North, Baltic. 

3. Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, 

Louisiana. 

4. Four of the following : — Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Maryland, West Virginia, Vir- 

ginia. 

5. Through Gulf of Mexico, across the Atlantic, around Cape of Good Hope, and through the 

Indian ocean. 

6. The Equator. 

7. Because of the Gulf stream and the prevalence of westerly wiads. 

8. (a) St. Lawrence, Franklin, Clinton; ih) Suffolk; (c) Richmond; {d) Chautauqua. 

9. Any five of the following: — London, on the Thames; Paris, on the Seine; Liverpool, on the 

Mersey; St. Petersburg, on the Neva; Berlin, on the Spree; Vienna, on the Danube; 
Frankfort, on the Oder; Rome, on the Tiber. 
10. The Niger. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March 3, 1888. 

1. (1) Champlain, (3) Keuka, (3) Otsego, (4) Seneca, (5) Canandaigua. 

2. (1) St. Lawrence, (2) Mississippi, (3) Columbia, (4) Delaware, (5) Connecticut. 

3. Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, Dakota, Wyoming. 

4. S. Lat. 40°, E. Lon. 110°. 

5. Chili, Bolivia, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay. 

6. Bay of Biscay, White sea, Bay of Bengal, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic ocean. 

7. Caribbean sea. Gulf of St. Lawrence, Indian ocean, Irish sea, Baltic sea. 

8. White sea, Baltic sea. Black sea. Sea of Azov, Casi^ian sea. 

9. A triangular jiiece of land between two mouths of the same river. Deltas are 

formed by deposits of earth carried down by the river. Third answer, various. 

10. The basin of the Amazon. Because of the warm climate and abundant rains. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . March 13, 1888. 

1. Red river; Arkansas river; Ohio river; Missouri river; Des Moines river. 

2. Absolute monarchy. Constitutional monarchy. Republic. Federal republic. 

Constitutional monarchy. 

3. North Frigid, North Temperate, and Torrid. North Temperate, Torrid and 

South Temperate. 

4. Pyrenees. Scandinavian. Ural. Himalaya. 

5. St. Lawrence river; St. John's river; St. Croix river; Rio Grande river; Colorado 

river; Niagara river; etc. 

6. North Frigid, — 23^° wide; North Temperate,— 43° wide; Torrid, — 47° wide; 

South Temperate, — 43° wide; South Frigid, 33^° wide. 

97 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tion questions. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 13, 1888. 

7. Name five lakes that discliarge tiieir waters through the Oswego river. 10 

8. What is the most direct water-way from New York to Calcutta? 10 

9. What are the princii)al agricultural productions of this country? 10 
10. Mention two cities of New York on the New York, Lake Erie, and Western 

R. R. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, March, 1888— Special. 

1. Name and locate {a) the metropolis, (b) the capital, {c) the largest lake, {d) the 

largest island, and (e) the highest mountain of New York State. 10 

2. Name three lakes and two rivers through which the bounding lines of New 

York State pass. 10 

3. Bound Utah. 10 

4. Name the ten territories of the United States. 10 

5. What is a mountain range? 10 

6. Locate the following mountains: («) the Pyrenees, (?>) Alps, {c) Ural, 

{d) Scandinavian, (e) Caucasus. 10 

7. Give two causes for differences in climate. 10 

8. When are the days and nights equal all over the world? Why? 10 

9. Define axis, diameter, circumference, poles, and equator. 10 
10. How much is the axis of the earth inclined from the perpendicular to the 

plane of the earth's orbit? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ... - - April 7, 1888 

1. Define great circles, meridians and polar circles. 10 

2. What are the trade winds? 10 

3. Bound Dakota. ' 10 

4. Describe the River Rhine. 10 

5. Locate St. Petersburg and Naples. 10 

6. Locate Pittsburg and Memphis. 10 

7. Describe tlie James river. 10 

8. Mention ten cities of this State, stating the county in which each is located, 10 

9. Where is Madagascar? 10 
10. What lake is the source of the Susquehanna river? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - ..... May 5, 1888. 

1. Name the great lakes and the outlet of each. 10 

2. On what waters would you travel from Pittsburg to Kansas City? 10 

3. In what part of the State of New York are the following counties, viz. : 

Essex, Rockland, Greene, Orleans, and Chautauqua? 10 

4. Name the largest city of Ohio. Of Missouri. Of Pennsylvania Of the 

world. 10 

5. Name and locate a lake of New York that belongs to the Mississippi river 

system. 10 

98 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 13, 1888. 

7. Oueida, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Keuka, — and others. 

8. Via Atlantic ocean, Mediterranean sea, Suez canal. Red sea, Indian ocean, and 

Bay of Bengal. 

9. Answer according to location. 

10. Binghamton and Elmira. (Hornellsville, incorporated March, 1888.) 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March, 1888— Special. 

1. {a) New York on New York bay; (h) Albany on the Hudson river; (c) Oneida in the central part 

of the State; (d) Long Island in the S. E. part of the State; (e) Mt. Marcy in the Adirondacks. 

2. Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Chaniplain, and any two of the following rivers : Niagara, St. Law- 

rence, Poultney, Hudson, and Delaware. 

S. On the north b}- Idaho and AVyoming; east by Wyoming and Colorado; south by Arizona; 
west by Nevada. 

4. Alaska, Arizona, Dakota, Idaho, Indian, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, and 

Wyoming. 

5. A series of mountains. 

6. (a) On the borders of France and Spain; (J) On the borders of France, Germany, and Italy; 

(c) On the borders of Russia and Siberia; {d) On the borders of Norway and Sweden; {e) On 
the borders of Russia, Persia, and Turkey in Asia. 

7. Latitude, elevation, and inclination of earth's axis, and Gulf stream. 

8. At the equinoxes, March 21, and Sept. 23. Because then the sun is vertical at the equator. 

9. The diameter on which the earth turns. A straight line extending through the center of the 

earth from surface to surface. The distance around the earth. The ends of the earth's 
axis. A great circle passing around the earth midway between the poles. 
10. 233^ degrees. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - April 7, 1888. 

1. See any ordinary geography. 

2. Winds in the Torrid zone, and often a little beyond it, which blow from the same quarter 

throughout the year, unless affected by local causes. 

3. North by Canada; east by Mmnesota and Iowa; south by Nebraska; west by Wyoming and 

Montana. 

4. The Rhine rises in Switzerland, flows in general, north-west, and empties into the North sea. 
6. St. Petersburg is in the western part of Russia, on the Gulf of Finland. 

Naples is in southern Italy, on the Bay of Naples, a part of the Mediterranean sea. 
6. Pittsburg is in the western part of Pennsylvania, at the junction of the Alleghany and the 
Monongahela rivers. 
Memphis is in the south-western part of Tennessee, on the Mississippi river. 
Y. The James river rises in the south-western part of Virginia, flows generally east, and empties 
into Chesapeake bay. 

8. No definite answer caii be given here. 

9. Madagascar is east of southern Africa, in the Indian ocean. 
10. Otsego. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... May 5, 1888. 

1. Superior (River St. ]\Iary's), Michigan (Mackinaw Straits), Huron (St. Clair river\ 

Erie (Niagara river), Ontario (St. Lawrence river). 

2. Ohio, Jlississippi, and Missouri rivers. 

3. In the north-eastern part bordering on Lake Champlain. In the south-eastern 

part bordering on the Hudson river. In the eastern part bordering on the 
Hudson river. In the north-western part bordering on Lake Ontario. In the 
south-western part. 

4. Cincinnati. St. Louis. Philadelphia. London. 

5. Chautauqua. South-western part of the State. 

99 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EX A MINA TION Q UES TI0N8. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - . _ - May 5, 1888>^ 

6. Name the Gulf States in order from east to west. 10 

7. Locate Dublin and Tokio. 10 

8. What are meridians, and what is their use? 10 

9. Until what time will the days in this latitude grow longer? 10 

10. What bodies of water are separated by (a) the Isthmus of Panama? (?^) the 

Isthmus of Suez? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ... - . June, 1888. 

1. Name the five oceans in order of size. 10 

2. Bound the United States. 10 

3. Locate {a) Denver, (i) St. Paul, and (c) St. Louis. 10 

4. Name {a) the city at the western terminus of the Erie canal, (jb) at the east- 

ern terminus. 10 

5. Mention three leading industries of this State, and state something of 

each. 10 

6. What is the capital of Spain? Of Germany? Of Russia? 10 

7. Name three islands of the Mediterranean sea. 10 

8. What island-kingdom east of China? 10 

9. What is the Gulf stream? 10 

10. Name a volcano («) in Iceland; {li) one in South America; and (f) one in 

Sicily. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... August 14, 1888. 

1. Into what does the Potomac river flow? Which direction does it flow? 10 

2. Name and locate the largest city of («) Ohio, (&) Missouri, (c) Michigan. 10 

3. How can you travel by water from Chicago to New Orleans? 10 

4. What city of South America is on the equator? 10 

5. Locate {a) Liverpool, {h) Edinburgh and (c) Berlin. 10 

6. Mention a peculiar characteristic of Venice as to its streets. 10 

7. Where are the Himalaya mountains? Name the highest peak. 10 

8. Name and locate a sea of Asia, which is below the general sea-level. 10 

9. How' does the climate of England compare with that of Siberia in the same 

latitude? Why? 10 

10. From what meridian do nearly all nations reckon longitude? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - September 1, 1888. 

1. In what two States is the greater part of Lake Champlain? 10 

2. Name and locate the capital of each of those States. 10 

3. Name three New England States which border on tlie Atlantic ocean. 10 

4. Where are the Cape Verde Islands? 10 

5. What strait connects the Atlantic ocean with the Mediterranean sea? 10 
G. Name the countries on either side of the Strait of Dover. 10 

100 



State of New York. 
department of public instrv gtion. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . Ulay 5, 1888. 

6. Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. 

7. Ireland (capital). Japan (capital). 

8. Lines on the earth's surface extending from pole to pole. Used in reckouing 

longitude, or measuring distance from east to west, or vice versa. 

9. Until the 21st of June. 

10. (a) The Caribbean sea and the Pacific ocean. {!>) The Mediterranean and Red 
seas. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... June, 1888. 

1. Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, Arctic. 

2. North by British America; east by the Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Mexico; 

south by the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico; and west by Mexico and the 
Pacific ocean. 

3. («) Capital of Colorado, (h) Eastern part of Minnesota on the Mississippi river. 

(c) Eastern part of Missouri on the Mississippi river. 

4. (a) Buffalo. (l>) Albany or Troy. 

5. Answers will vary. 

6. Madrid. Berlin. St. Petersburg. 

7. Any three of the following : Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Candia, Cyprus, or 

the Balearic Islands. 

8. Japan. 

9. Answers will vary. 

10. («) Hecla. (b) Aconcagua or Chimborazo. (c) Etna. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . August 14, 1888. 

1. Chesapeake bay. In a south-easterly direction. 

2. ia) Cincinnati on the Ohio, (b) St. Louis on the Mississippi. (<•) Detroit on the 

Detroit river. 

3. Answers will vary. 

4. Quito. 

5. {a) North-eastern part of England, on the Mersey. (5) Capital of Scotland, on the 

Firth of Fourth, {c) Capital of Germany, on the Spree river. 

6. The houses are often built on piles, and boats are used in the streets. 

7. In southern Asia. Mt. Everest. 

8. Either of the following: Dead sea, Caspian sea, or Sea of Aral. 

9. It is much milder. It is owing to the influence of the Gulf stream and the warm 

west winds which blow over England. 
10. The meridian of Greenwich, which is the international prime meridian. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . September 1, 1888. 

1. In New York and Vermont. 

2. All)any on the Hudson. Montpelier on the Onion river. 

3. Answers will vary. 

4. West of Africa in the Atlantic ocean. 

5. Strait of Gibraltar. 

6. England on the north and France on the south. 

101 



State of New York. 

UNIFO RM EX A MINA TJOX Q UES TI0N8. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . September 1, 1888. 

7. Into what does tlie Rhine flow? The Danube? The Tiber? 10 

8. What two large lakes are the reputed sources of the River Nile? 10 

9. State facts as to the wonderful fertility of the Amazon valley. 10 
10. Give two proofs that a spherical body represents the earth. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ _ September 11, 1888. 

1. Name the rivers on which the following cities are situated respectively: (a) 

Watertown, {h) Ogdensburg, (c) Elmira. 10 

2. Locate (a) Richfield Springs, (h) Saratoga Springs. 10 

3. What river is the outlet of Otsego lake? Of Oneida lake? 10 

4. Name and locate an important city of Georgia and one of Tennessee. 10 

5. Where are the Sandwich islands? Name the chief city. 10 

6. Mention two prominent articles imported into the United States from 

China. 10 

7. Which grand division has the most regular line of sea coast? Which the 

most irregular? 10 

8. Name in order, from west to east, the three great peninsulas of southern 

Asia. 10 

9. What are isothermal lines? Illustrate by application to the United States. 10 
10. Mention two effects of the earth's rotation upon its axis. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ _ . . . October 6, 1888.. 

1. Name and locate the two great mountain systems of North America? 10 

2. Name a large river flowing into {a) Delaware bay, (b) the Gulf of California, 

(c) the Pacific ocean? 10 

3. What great river is on the boundary between Texas and Mexico? Winch 

direction and into what does it flow? 10 

4. Locate {(i) the Falkland islands, QS) St. Helena. 10 

5. Name three large islands off the southern coast of Asia. 10 

6. For what is each of the following places especially noted: (r<) Rome, (b) 

Athens, («) Gibraltar? 10 

7. Bound Ohio by political divisions. 10 

8. Name and locate the capital of («) Wisconsin, (h) Michigan, (c) Ontario. 10 

9. Name three counties of New York bordering upon Pennsylvania? 10 
10. Define equinox and solstice. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 3, 1888. 

1. Mention the incorporated cities and villages in your county. 10 

2. Name five forest trees common to this State : five grains ; and five fruits. 10 

3. Name the provinces comprised in the Dominion of Canada. 10 

4. Where and through wiiat channel or channels, do the waters of your county 

reach the ocean? 10 

5. Name and locate the metropolis of each of the New England States. Same 

as to the Middle States. 10 

102 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... September 1, 1888. 

7. The Geruiiin ocean. The Black sea. Tlie Meditcrraneau. 

8. Albert Nyanza and Victoria Nyanza. 

9. Answers will vary. 

10. Circumnavigation, shadow on moon, or appearance of ships at sea. (Any two.) 

2d and 3rd Grades, ... - September 11, 1888. 

1. («) Black river, Qj) St. Lawrence, or Oswegatchie, (c) Chemung. 

2. (a) On Canadarago lake in Otsego county, Q>) near Saratoga lake in Saratoga 

county. 

3. The Susquehanna. The Oneida. 

4. Answers will vary. 

5. In the Pacific ocean. Honolulu. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. South America. Europe. 

8. Arabia. Hindostan. Farther India. 

9. Lines of equal temperature. In the United States, owing to tlie influence of the 

warm currents on the west, and cold current on the east, the climate in the 
same latitudes is milder in the western part than in the eastern part 

10. Day and night. It is one cause of our present changes of seasons. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- October 6, 1888. 

1. The Rocky mountain system in the western part, and the Appalachian system in 

the eastern part. 

2. (a) The Delaware, (b) the Colorado, (c) the Columbia. 

3. Rio Grande ; south-east ; into the Gulf of Mexico. 

4. {(t) East of the southern extremity of South America, (b) in the Atlantic ocean 

west of Africa. 

5. Answers will vary. 

6. (a) It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Church, (i) it is the great city of Greece, 

(c) it is England's stronghold on the Strait of Gibraltar. 

7. North by Michigan and Canada; east by Pennsylvania and West Virginia; south 

by West Virginia and Kentucky; and west by Indiana. 

8. («) Madison on the lakes, (li) Lansing on Grand river, {c) Toronto on Lake On- 

tario. 

9. Answers will vary. 

10. Equinox refers to times of equal day and night. Solstice refers to time when 

the sun has reached his highest northern or southern limit. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 3, 1888. 

1. Answers must vary. 

2. Answers will vary. 

3. British Columbia, ■ Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec. New Brunswick. Nova Scotia, 

and Prince Edward's Island. 

4. Answers must varJ^ 

5. Maine, Portland on Casco bay ; New Hampshire, ^fanchcster on the Merrimac 

river; Vermont, Burlington on Lake Champlain ; Massachusetts, Boston on Boa- 
ton harbor; Rhode Island, Providence on Providence bay ; Connecticut, New 
Haven on New Haven bay ; New York, New Y k on New York bay ; Pennsyl- 
vania, Philadelphia on the Delaware river; New Jersey, Newark on Newark bay; 
Delaware.Wilmington at the confluence of Brandywine and Christiana creeks. 

103 ■' 



State of New York. 

U N 1 F R M E X A M I N ATT N Q UESTIONS. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . November 3, 1888. 

6. Mention ten cities through which the Central-Hudson railroad passes, and 

name the countj' in which each is located. 10 

7. Until wliat time will the days in tliis latitude grow shorter? 10 

8. Trace the most direct water- route from New York to Bombay. 10 

9. Name the great races of mankind, and state the principal location of 

each. 10 

10. What foreign country is especially noted for the production of tea? 
Wheat? Silk? Wool? Tobacco? Coffee? Wine? Raisins? Watches? 
Olive oil? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - January 5, 1889. 

1. Define river basin. 10 

2. What are equinoxes? 10 

3. Locate by counties the following important villages: (a) Glens Falls, (b) 

Canandaigua, {c) Flushing, {d) Port Jervis, {e) Lyons, (/ ) Little Falls, {g) 
Batavia, {Ji) Corning, (i) Plattsburgh, and {j) Owego. 10 

4. Mention five imjjortant railroads crossing any part of this State. 10 

5. Bound your county by political divisions. 10 

6. Name and locate five cities situated on the great lakes. 10 

7. Which States have neither sea coast or lake coast? 10 

8. Name in order of their importance three empires and two republics. 10 

9. Name five mountain ranges in Europe. 10 
10. How are tides produced? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . February 2, 1889. 

1. State where each of the following rivers rises, and into what it flows: 

Mohawk, Greuesee, Oswego, Delaware, and Susquehanna. 10 

2. Locate Watkins Glen, Howe's Cave, the Thousand Islands, Trenton Falls, 

and Saratoga Springs. 10 

3. Bound New York State, not using streams or bodies of water as bounda- 

ries. 10 

4. Locate Toronto, St. Paul, Memphis, Kansas City, and San Francisco. 10 

5. In what country and on what water is each of the following named cities: 

St. Petersburg, Constantinople, Vienna, Florence, and Berlin ? 10 

G. Where are the following mountains: Mt. Marcy ? Mt. Washington? 

Mt. Mitchell ? Mt. St. Elias ? Pike's Peak ? 10 

7. Bound France; name and locate its capital. 10 

8. Where is Siberia ? To what government does it belong ? What is its 

climate ? For what is it noted ? 10 

9. Locate the Sandwich islands. New Zealand, Falkland islands, St. Helena, 

and Iceland. 10 

10. State three conditions that modify the climate of any country. 10 

104 



State of Mew York. 
department of public instruc tion. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... November 3, 1888. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. Until December 21. 

8. New York bay, The Narrows, Atlantic ocean, Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean sea, 

Suez canal, Red sea, Strait of Babel-Mandeb, Gulf of Aden, and Arabian sea. 

9. Caucasian, Europe and U. S. ; Mongolian, eastern and central Asia; Ethiopian, 

Africa and America; Malay, East India and Pacific islands; Indian, America. 
10. China produces tea. Australia and Russia, wheat. France, silk. Australia, wool. 
Sumatra, tobacco. Arabia, East India and Brazil, coffee. France, wine. Spain, 
raisins. Switzerland, watches. Italy, olive oil. 



2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 5, 1889. 

1. The entire region drained by a river system. 

2. The precise times at which the sun enters the equinoctial points. The intersec- 

tion of the equator and the ecliptic. 

3. (a) Warren ; {V) Ontario ; (c) Queens ; {d) Orange ; (e) "Wayne ; (/) Herkimer ; 

{g) Genesee ; (7t) Steuben ; (i) Clinton ; {j) Tioga. 

4. Answers will vary. 

5. Answers must vary. 

6. See any standard geography. 

7. West Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Ne- 

braska, Colorado and Nevada. 

8. Gt. Britain, Germany, Russia, United States and France. 

9. Answers will vary. 

10. By the action of the sun and moon upon the earth. 



2d and 3d Grades, _ _ . _ . February 2, 1889. 

1. South part of Lewis county, and flows into the Hudson river. North part of Pennsylvania, 

and flows into Lake Ontario. Union of Seneca and Oneida rivers, and flows into Lake On- 
tario. Catskill mountains, and flows into Delaware bay. In Otsego lake, and flows into 
Chesapeake bay. 

2. Near head of Seneca lake. In Schoharie county, on D. & H. R. R. St. Lawrence river. On 

West Canada creek in Oneida county. In Saratoga county, on D. & H. R. R. 

3. North by Canada and Connecticut. East by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Atlan- 

tic ocean. South by Atlantic ocean, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. West by New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania and Canada. 

4. Canada on Lake Ontario, ^linnesota on Mississippi river, Tennessee on Mississippi river, 

western Missouri on Missouri river, western California on San Francisco bay. 

5. Neva river, Russia; Bosporus, Turkey; Danube river, Austria; Arno river, Italy; Spree 

river, Germany. 

6. Adirondack mountains, White mountains, North Carolina, Alaska, Colorado. 

"7. North by English channel. Straits of Dover and Belgium. East by Belgium, Germany, 
Switzerland and Italy. South by Mediterranean sea and Spain. West by Atlantic ocean. 
Paris, on Seine river, 

8. Northern part of Asia. Russia. Generally cold. Place of exile for Russian offenders. 

9. West of North America in Pacific ocean. East of Australia in Pacific ocean. East of south- 

ern part of South America in Atlantic ocean. West of Africa in Atlantic ocean. East of 
Greenland in North Atlantic ocean. 
10. Answers will vary. 

105 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, -.--.. March 2, 1889. 

1. In what direction from this place of examination is New York? Philadel- 

phia? Richmond? 10 

2. Locate Atlanta; Mobile; New Orleans. 10 

3. Bound Missouri by States. 10 

4. Name the principal vegetable production of Mississippi; of Louisiana; of 

Indiana; of Missouri; of Dakota. 10 

5. What two rivers unite to form the La Plata? Into what does it flow? 10 

6. Name and locate three large cities of South American. 10 

7. What isthmus joins Africa and Asia? What canal connects the Red sea with 

the Mediterranean sea? 10 

8. Name in order the seas and straits you would pass through in going from 

Gibraltar to the Crimea. 10 

9. Name and locate three great mountain ranges of Europe. 10 
10. Where are the Samoan islands? The Aleutian islands? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . _ . - March 12, 1889. 

1. Define horizon ; pole; zenith; orbit; solstice. 10 

2. What two great motions has tlie earth? What general result is j^roduced 

by each? 10 

3. Name and locate three mountain ranges in this State. 10 

4. What city of this State is on the outlet of Owasco lake? On the St. Law- 

rence river? On the Black river? On Lake Ontario? On the Chemung 

river? 10 

5. Bound Pennsylvania by political divisions. 10 
G. Locate Wheeling; Cincinnati; Indianapolis; Detroit; Chicago. 10 

7. Into what does the Tiber river flow? What large city near its mouth? 10 

8. What bodies of land does Behring strait separate? What bodies of water 

does it connect? 10 

9. Name and locate two large cities of China. 10 

10. How many counties in this State? How many cities? How many towns in 

your county? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 6, 1889. 

1. Define volcano; geyser; tributary; estuary. 10 

2. Locate Hornellsville; Ithaca; Middletown; Amsterdam; Newburg. 10 

3. Beginning at the north, name in order the counties of this State that bor- 

der on New England, excluding those of Long Island. 10 

4. Locate Penobscot bay; Narragansett bay; Albemarle sound; Bay of 

Fundy. ' 10 

5. Name three food-products that are largely exported from the United 

States. 10 

6. What is the chief sugar producing region of the world? 10 

7. Name two great uses of rivers. 10 

8. Name four great islands of the Malay Archipelago. 10 

9. Why are day and night always equal at the e(iuator? 10 
10. Name the great circles of the earth; the small circles. 10 

106 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... - March 2, 1889. 

1. Answers must differ. 

3. iSTorthern part of Georgia. Southern part of Alabama on Mobile bay. South- 
eastern j>art of Louisiana on the Mississippi river. 

3. North by Iowa, east by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee, south by Arkansas, 

and west by Indian Territory, Kansas and Nebraska. 

4. Cotton. Sugar. Corn. Wheat. 

5. The Parana and Uruguay. Into the Atlantic ocean. 

6. Answers may differ. 

7. Isthmus of Suez. The Suez canal. 

8. Mediterranean sea. The Dardanelles, Sea of Marmora, Bosporus, and the Black 

sea. 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. East of Australia, in the Pacific ocean. A part of Alaska, in the Pacific 
ocean. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 12, 1889. 

1. An extremity of the earth's axis. The place where the earth and sky seem to 

meet. The point directly overhead in the heavens. The path of the earth 
around the sun. The point in the ecliptic at which the sun reaches its great- 
est northern or southern declination. 

2. Rotation on its axis producing day and night, and revolution around the sun 

producing (with other conditions) the changes of the seasons. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. Auburn. Ogdensburg, Watertown. Oswego. Elmira. 

5. North by Canada and New York ; east by New York and New Jersey ; south by 

Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia; west by West Virginia and Ohio. 

6. In West Virginia on the Ohio. In south-western Ohio on the Ohio. In the 

central part of Indiana. In south-eastern Michigan on the Detroit river. In 
north-eastern Illinois on Lake Michigan. 

7. The Mediterranean sea. Rome. 

8. Asia from North America. The Pacific ocean and the Arctic ocean. 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. 60. 30. Answers to the last clause must differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, April 6, 1889. 

1. A mountain that sends out smoke, lava, etc. A spouting spring. A stream 

flowing into a larger stream. The wide mouth of a tidal river. 

2. In the south-western part of New York on the Erie railway. At the liead of 

Cayuga lake. In the south-eastern part of New York ou the Erie railway. In 
the central part of New York on the Mohawk. On the west bank of the Hudson. 

3. Clinton, Essex, Washington, Rensselaer, Columbia, Dutchess, Putnam, and West- 

chester. 

4. In the south-eastern jiart of Maine. In tlie eastern part of Rhode Island. In the 

eastern part of North Carolina. Between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. Cuba. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. Because the sun always rises exactly in the east at six o'clock, and sets exactly 

in the west at six o'clock. 
10. Equator, meridian circle. Tropics, polar circles, parallels. 

107 



State of New York. 
uniform ex amin a tion q uestions. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3d Grades, . - - . . May 4, 1889. 

1. Name the three counties of New York that have each two cities; uame the 

cities of each. 10 

2. Name two canals of this State, and tell what waters each connects. 10 

3. Name the States bordering on the great lakes. 10 

4. Name three large rivers flowing into the Ohio from the south. 10 

5. Locate the District of Columbia; Fortress Monroe. 10 

6. Name (a) the largest political division of South America; (6) its most im- 

portant river; {c) its largest city, giving its location. 10 

7. Name four great races of meu, and a country in which each is the prevailing 

race. 10 

8. Name three places in this State where battles were fought during the Revo- 

lutionary War. 10 

9. In what direction and how far from the Tropic of Cancer is the Tropic of 

Capricorn? 10 

10. Of what is the British Empire constituted? 10 



GRAMMAR. 



1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - . - September 3, 1887. 

Note. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four examinations in this 
subject held in 1887 : 

1st Grade. — All questions in every subject apply to first grade licenses . 

2il Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting Scnool Law and Algebra, apply to second 
grade licenses. 

Srd Grade. — Questions printed in italics only, apply to third grade licenses. 

Note. — The Commissioner will retain the following extract and dictate to all applicants as a 
test ia Orthography, Penmanship, Capitalization and Punctuation: 

1-2. Dictation. {Art. IV, sec. 2, Constitution of U. S. ) 

1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and imnncnities 
of citizens in the several States. 

2. A 2ierson charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who 
shall Jlee from justice, and he found in another State, shall on demand of the 
executive authority of the State from which lie fled, he delivered up, to be 
removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 30 

3. Analyze, by diagram or otherwise, the first sentence. 10 

4. Name and give examples of the different parts of speech used in extract, 10 

5. Write an interrogative sentence ; declarative; imperative; exclamatory. 10 

6. Analyze, by diagram or otherwise, the second sentence. 20 

7. Distinguish between Language Lessons and Technical Grammar. State 

the position of each in a common school course. 20 

108 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . May 4, 1889. 

1. Answers maj' differ. 
3. Answers may differ. 

3. Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and 

New York. 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. West of Maryland on the Potomac river. In the south-western part of Virginia. 

6. {a) Brazil. (5) Amazon, (f) Rio Janeiro, in the south-eastern part on the At- 

lantic ocean. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. South. 47°, 

10. The Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and its numerous colonies and poss- 
essions in all i^arts of the world. 



GRAMMAR.— Answers. 



1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . - _ . September 3,1887. 

1-3. Answers unnecessary. 

3. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

4. the article or adjective ; several adjective ; 

state noun ; flee verb ; 

who pronoun; and conjunction, 

in preposition ; up adverb, as used here - 

having participle, or verb. 

5. Have you read the book? 
The boy runs. 

Put down that hat. 
Alas I How sad it is. 

6. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

7. Skill in the use of oral and written language is the aim of Language Lessons 

which should be given when tlie pupil first enters school. Ability to analyze, 
parse and criticise, is the aim of lessons in Technical Grammar which comes 
properly within the last two years of the common school course. 

109 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA T/ON QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMAR. 
1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- October 1, 1887. 

XoTK.— The Commissioners will retain the following extract and dictate to all applicants as a 
test in Orthography, Penmanship, Capitalization and Punctuation : 

1-2. Dictation. (Wehsie7''s " Chaj'acter of Washington.''') 

"It was ilte extraordinary fortune of Washington^ that having heen in- 
trusted in revolutionary times with the supreme ndUtary command, and having 
fulfilled that trust with equal renoion for wisdom and valor, he should lie 
Ijlaced at the head of the first government in ichich an attempt ivas to be made, 
on a large scale, to rear the fab?Hc of social order on the basis of a written 
constitution, and of a 2yure rejyresentative principle. " 30 

3. Name and give exampdesof the different parts of speech used in the above extract. 10 

4. Marh for pronunciation the following : impolitic, deficit, simultaneous, coral, 

enervate, urgent, century, machine, sarcasm, and oxygen. 10 

5. Write an application for a position as teacher, stating qualifications and expe- 

rience, and mentioning references. Use proper form of heading, superscrip- 
tion and closing. Be careful to 2'aragraph, capitalize and ijunctuate properly. 20 

6. What preliuiiuary iustructiou should be given before Grammar as a science 

is taught? 20 

7. Analyze by diagram or otherwise, the above extract. 20 
1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . - - - November 5, 1887. 

NoTK. — The Commissioner will retain the following extract and dictate to all applicants as a 
test in Orthography, Penmanship, Capitalization and Punctuation : 

1-2. Dictation. {Art. XIV, sec. 1, Constitution of U. S.) 

1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and suljject to the 
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State tcherein 
they reside. 

2. No State shall make or enforce any laic luhich shall abridge the privileges 
or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive 
any jjersoii of life, liberty, or jrrojyej'ty without due process of law, nor deny to 
any person within its jurisdiction tJte equal protection of the laws. 24 

3. Analyze by diagram or othennise thejirst sentence. 12 

4. Name (a) all the adjectives in the dictation exercises ; (b) all the adverbs, 12 

5. (a) Decline the pronoun he ; (b) lorite the possessive forms of she, George, boys ; 

(c) how is a declarative sentence made intei'rogative ? 12 

6. Analyze by diagram or otlierwise the second sentence. 20 

7. Name and parse all the relative pronouns used in the dictation exercise. 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - December 3, 1887. 

Note. — The Commissioner will retain the following extract and dictate to all applicants as a 
test in Orthography, Penmanship, Capitalization and Punctuation : 

1. The office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction is continued, and the 
term of said office shall be three years, commencing hereafter on the seventh 
day of April. Such Superintendent shall be elected by joint ballot of the 
Senate and Assembly, on the second Wedtiesday of February ne.vt j>reeeding 
the expiration of the term of the then incunibent of said office, and on the 
second Wednesday of February next after the occurrence of any vacancy in 
the office. (Sec. 1, title I, chap. 555, Laws of 1864, as amended by sec. 1 
cbap. 591, Laiusof 18SG.) 15 

110 



State of New York. 
depart me nt of public instruction. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, _ - - . October 1, 1887. 

1-2. Answer unnecessary. 

3. the article or adjective \\t pronoun ; 

was verb ; and conjunction : 

fortune noun; first adjective ; 

of preposition ; liaving been intrusted . . participle or verb. 

4. See any standard dictionary. 

5. Answer unnecessary. 

6. Language Lessons and actual composition work constitute the best means of 

acquiring a ready and correct use of language, which, in its turn, becomes a 
sound basis for the study of Technical Grammar. " As grammar was made 
after language," says Spencer, "so it ought to be taught after language." 

7. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - November 5, 1887. 

1-3. Answers unnecessary. 

3. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

4. (a) All, the, the, the, the, no, any, the, the, any, any, due, any, the, equal, the. 
(h) Thereof, wherein. 

Plural. 

they. 

their or theirs. 

tliem. 

(b) Her ; George's ; boys'. 

(c) By placing the verb or its first auxiliary before the subject. 

6. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

7. Which — relative pronoun ; agrees with its antecedent, law, in person, number, 

and gender ; nominative case, subject of the verb shall abridge. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . - December 3, 1887. 

1. No answer required. 



5. (a) 


Sing. 


Nominative, 


he. 


Possessive, 


his. 


Objective, 


him. 



Ill 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMAR. 

1st, 2d. and 3rd Grades, .... December 3, 1887. 

2. Write the plurnl of (a) child ; (b) armful ; (c) hrother-in-law ; (d) axis ; 

(e) memorandum,. 10 

3. What is the difference in meaning of the following expressions : 

The girW hoolcs ; or the girVs hooks ? 10 

4. Wliich parts of speech are compared? which declined? which conjugated? 10 

5. Write three short sentences each containing a verl) in the potential mode, one of 

ichich shall denote power, another 2)ermission, a?id another necessity. 15 

6. Analyze by diagram or otherwise : (a) I do not know what he wants, (h) 

Going liome before the regular hour of dismissal should not be a frequent 
occurrence. 20 

7. Write (a) a sentence in which the word that shall be used as an adjective; 

(6) as a relative pronoun; (c) as a coajunction; (d) as a noun. 20 

1st Grade, ----- March 13 and 14, 1888. 

You hear that boy laughing? You think he's all fun ; 
But the angels laugh, too, at the good he has done ; 
The children laugh loud as they troop at his call. 
And the poor man that knows him, laughs loudest of all. 

O. W. Holmes. 

1. Which are the principal clauses ? 10 
Note. — In naming a clause, it is sufBcient to give only simple subject and simple 

predicate. 

2. Name the subordinate clauses, indicating whether they are adjective, ad- 

verbial, or objective. 10 

3. Write synopsis of hear, i. e., give first person, singular, in the indicative 

mode, passive voice. 10 

4. Parse lavghing and fun. 10 

5. Illustrate by sentences two different uses of tchat, and explain their use 

grammatically. 10 

6. Name five offices of a noun that a clause may perform. 10 

7. Illustrate, by sentences, the above uses. 10 

8. Write a sentence containing a participle, an adrcrb, a verb in the passive voice, 

and a relative 2>ro7ioun. Underline the parts indicated above. 10 

9. Write a sentence having a participle modifying the subject, and an infinitive 

used as the object of a verb. 10 

10. In the sentence, He wanted Miss Smith to lend him her pencil, what is the 

object of wanted ? 10 

1st Grade, - - - . - - May 4 and 5, 1888. 

Most sweet it is with unuplifted eyes. 

To pace the ground, if path there be or none. 
While a fair region round the traveler lies, 

Which he forbears again to look upon. 

1. Write list of the clauses in the above selection, classifying them as principal 

or subordinate. 10 

XoTE.— In naming clauses, it is sufficient to include only simple subjects and simple 
predicates. 

3. State what each subordinate clause modifies. 10 

112 



State of New York. 
department of publl instruction. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . December 3, 1887. 

2. («) Childreu; (b) armfuls; (c) brothers-iu-law ; {d) axes; {e) memorauda. 

3. T'fie girls' looks means books belonging to two or more girls. The girl's looks 

means books belonging to one girl only. 

4. Adjectives and adverbs are compared ; nouns and pronouns are declined ; verbs 

are conjugated. 

5. Use can to denote power; may to denote permission; and must to denote 

necessity. 

6. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

7. (a) Do you see that man? [1) The word that I gave will complete the sentence. 

(c) I know that he is here, (d) This that is poorly written. 

1st Grade, - ... - March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Vouhear; You think ; angels laugh ; children laugh ; man laughs. 

2. He's fun, objective; (which) he has done, adjective; as they troop, adverbial; that knows 

adjective. 

3. Indicative mode: 

Present tense, I am heard. 

Past tense, I was heard. 

Future tense, I shall (will) be heard. 

Present perfect tense, I have been heard. 

Past perfect tense, I had been heard. 

Future perfect tense, I shall (will) have been heard. 

4. Laughing is a verb, regular, transitive by addition of at, active voice, participle, or participial 

mode, present tense, used like an adjective, modifies the noun hoy. 
Fun is a noun, common, third person, singular number, neuter gender, predicate noun, 
(attribute) and agrees with the subject, he in the nominative case. 

5. No answer furnished as so many are possible. 

6. (a) Subject of verb. 

(b) Object of verb. 

(c) Object of preposition. 

(d) Appositive. 

(«) Attribute (noun in predicate). 

7. Examples: 

(a) " Who goes there?" was said by the sentinel. 

{b) He said, " I will go." 

{c) The success of the expedition depends upon who the commander is. 

(d) He gave the answer, " I am sorri/." 

(e) The fact is that he did not study. 

S. Example, The traveler being pressed closely by the dog, which seemed to grow more vicious, 

turned quickly and threw his hat at him, by which the cur was completely terrijied. 
9. Example, John preferring to play, did not study. 
10. Object, Miss &)nith to lend him her pencil. 

1st Grade, ....-- May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. Sweet it is, principal. 

{a, If path be, adverbial. 
Q > ]• » ] b, (If there be) none, adverbial. (Do not insist on this), 
bubordinate -^ ^.^ ^^-^^^ regwn lies, adverbial. 

[ (/, Which he forbears, adjective. 

2. Clauses marked (a) {b) (c) modify the verb to pace. 

(d) modifies region. 

113 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMAR. 
1st Grade, ------ May 4 and 5, 1888. 

3. Give four modifiers of to face^ includiug its object as one. 10 

4. Parse to pace. 10 

5. Give syntax (case and why) of imth and which. 10 

6. What is the object of foi-henrs ? Parse round. 10 

7. Give an example of a participle taking an object, and being itself the 

object of a preposition. 10 

8. Illustrate the use of an abverb modifying a phrase (preposition and its 

object). 10 

9. In the sentence, He sent his son home that v^ay, give the syntax of home and 

way. 10 

10. Give syntax of him and man in the sentence. 1 believe him to he a man 

wanting in veracity. 10 

1st Grade, ----- August 14 and 15, 1888. 

So live, that when thy summons comes to join 
The innumerable caravan that moves 
To the pale realms of shade, where each shall take 
His chamber in the silent halls of deatli, 
Thou go not like the quarry-slave at night, 
Scourged to his dungeon, but sustained and soothed 
By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave 
Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch 
About him and lies down to pleasant dreams. 

The first eight questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and its simple predicate. 
In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 
By phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its simple (unmodified) object. 
A modifier may be a word, phrase, or clattse. 
Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

1-3. State what each subordinate clause modifies, and state whether it is 

adjective or adverVial. 20 

3. "What are the modifiers of realms? 10 

4. Name five adverMal fhrases and state what each modifies. 10 

5. Give two examples from the above extract, of each ])art of speech found in 

it, not considering articles and pca'ticijAes as separate parts of speech. 10 

6. Parse to join. 10 

7. Parse sustained. 10 

8. What is the syntax of quarry-slave? 10 

9. Give the syntax of the second and third nouns in the following sentence : 

Mr. Jones the baker was elected president. 10 

10. "Write a sentence with a transitive verb whose simple object is a participle 

having an object. 10 

114 



State of New York. 
depart ment of public instruction. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 
1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

3. Object ground ; adjective, sweet ; the first three subordinate clauses above stated. 

4. Verb, principal parts, pace, paced, pacing, paced, regular, transitive, active voice, infinitive 

mode, present tense, used like a noun, and in apposition with it, nominative case. (Some 
would say, subject of is, and represented by the redundant word, it.) 

5. Path, nominative, subject of he ; icliicli, objective, object of vpon. 

0. The infinitive to look ; round, preposition showing relation between its object, traveler and the 
verb, lies. 

7. He is engaged in ivriting letters. 

8. The leaves fell only in the morning. 

9. Home and rcay, objective, object of prepositions not expressed; it would be allowed to say 

that home is used as an adverb, modifying the verb. 

10. Rivi is the subject of the infinitive to he and is in the objective case, man is a predicate noun 
(attribute) and agrees with the subject him, in the objective case. (Other constructious 
are found in the grammars.) 



1st Grade, . - . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1-2. Adverljial clause, Tlint thou go., moiW^es live. 

Adverbial clause. When summons cornea, modifies p'o. 
Adjective clause, That moves, modifies caravan. 
Adjective clause, Where each shall tahe. modifies realms. 
Adverbial clause, {Thou) approach, modifies live. 
Adjective clause, Wlio wraps and lies, modifies one. 

3. Realms, is modified by the adjectives, the and pale, the adjective phrase, of shade, 

and the adjective clause, Where eacJt shall tahe. 

4. To realms modifies moves. 

In halls modifies shall take. 
Like quarry-slave modifies go. 
At night modifies go. 

To dungeon modifies scourged. 

By trust modifies sustained and soothed. 

Like one modifies approach. 

About him modifies wraps. 

To dreams modifies lies. 

5. No answer is needed here. 

6. To join is a verb, principal parts, join, joined, joining, joined, regular, transi- 

tive, active voice, infinitive mode, present tense, used adverbially to modify 
the verb comes. 

7. Sustained is a verb, principal parts, sustain, sustained, sustaining, sustained, 

regular, transitive, passive voice, participle, past tense, used adjectively and 
modifies the subject thou. 

8. Object of the preposition like and in the objective case. 

9. Baker is in apposition with the noun, Mr. Jones, and agrees with it in the nomi- 

native case. President is the predicate noun (attril)ute) and agrees with the 
subject Mr. Jones, in the nominative case. 
10. John enjoys studying arithmetic. 

115 



State of New York. 
unifo it m e x a mina ti on questions. 

GRAMMAR. 

1st Grade, ----- March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1 Language is the amber in which a thousand precious thoughts liave been safely 

2 imbedded and preserved. It has arrested ten thousand lightning flashes of genius^ 

3 which, unless thus fixed and arrested, might liave been as bright, but would 

4 also have been as quickly passing and perishing as the lightning. Words convey 

5 the mental treasures of one period to the generations that follow; and laden 

6 with this, their precious freight, they sail safely across gulfs of time in which 

7 empires have suffered shipwreck, and the languages of common life have sunk into 

8 oblivion. 

R. C. Trench, 
The first eight questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. 

In giving the syntax, oi a noun or i)ronouQ, give only the case and the reason for it. 

By phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its unmodified object. 

A modifier may be a ivord, phrase, or clause. 

Infinitives are chissed as modes of the verb. 

Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles the and a forming a subdivision of ad- 
jectives, and participles being one of the modifications of verbs. 

Treat verbs as divided into two classes only, viz., transitive and intransitive, and treat voice as. 
a property of transitive verbs only. 

In parsing a verb, observe the following order : Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive 
or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 

In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following order: Class, person, number, gender^ 
case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the ao;reemeut with its ante- 
cedent. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of such verl). 

1. Select the principal clauses. 8 

2. Select three adjective and two (idverhial clauses, 10 
State what each modifies. 5 

3. Select three adjective and two adverhial phrases. 10 

4. Recast the clause. Words coni^ey tlie mental treasures of one period to the gene- 

rations tluttfolloic, changing the verb to the passive form, 4 

Select the participles used like adjectives, and state what each modifies. ft 

5. By supplying words omitted, fill out a clause in the third line, and one in 

the fourth line, 4 

State what each of these clauses modifies, 4 

6. Give syntax of amber, J igJitning, freight, and which in third line, 8- 

7. Parse as in the third line and the last ((s in the fourth line, 8 

8. Select three transitive verbs in the active voice and indicative mode, two 

transitive verl>sin the passive voice and indicative mode, and two intransi- 
tive verbs in the indicative mode, 14 

9. Illustrate by sentences three different uses of participles; classify each, 10 

10, Write a sentence with a subject in the third person and singular number, 
containing a verb in the subjunctive mode; one containing an infinitive 
mode used like a noun in the objective case; and another containing a 
clause used as the subject of a verb. ^ 

2d and 3rd Grades, . _ - - - January 7, 1888^ 

1. Name the classes and the modifications of verbs. 10 

2, Change the expression. One of his friends told him of the arrangement, to the 

passive form. 10 

116 



State of New York. 
depa rtmext of public ins truc tion. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

1st Grade, . - . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Principal clauses: — Language is aniber. It lias arrested. Wo7'ds convey. They sail. 

2. Adjective clauses : — 

Thoughts have hcen imbedded and 2)reserved, modifies ainber. 

Which might have leen Iright, and {Which) would have been passing and jJerishing, 
modify flashes. 

That follow, modifies generatio?is. 

Empires have suffered, and languages have siml; modify gulfs. 

Adverbial clauses : — 

Unless they had been fixed and arrested. 

As lightning {is passing and j^erishing). 

The first modifies the predicate might have been light, etc. 

The second modifies the adverb as. 

3. Adjective phrases: Of genius ; of period ; of time ; of life. 

Adverbial phrases: In ichich ; to generations ; with this ; across gulfs ; into oblivion. 

4. The mental treasures of one period are conveyed by words to the generations 

that follow. 

Passing and perishing modify which. — Laden mod'i&es they. 

5. Unless (they had been) fixed and arrested. 
As the lightning (is passing and perishing). 

The first clause modifies the two predicates next following. 
The second clause modifies the adverb as. 

6. Amher, predicate noun (attribute), and agrees with the subject, language, in the 

nominative case. 

Lightning, subject of a verb not expressed, and is in the nomina*^ive case. 
Freight, in apposition with this, and agrees with it in tlie objective case. 
Which, subject of verb, might have been, and is in the nominative case. 

7. As is an adverb, and modifies the adjective, bright. 

8. Transitive verbs, active voice: Has arrested ; convey ; follow ; have suffered. 

Transitive verbs, passive voice: Have been imbedded ; have been preserved ; had 
been fixed ; had been arrested ; laden. 

Intransitive verbs : Ls ; might have been ; loould have been ; passing ; perishing ; 
sail ; have sunk. 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. Examples: Though he ^/-ere sick, he would not go. 
He desires to wall: to town. 
That the earth is round, is evident. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . January 7, 1888. 

1. Classification: — Finite and infinite, — subject relation. Transitive and intransitive, — object 

relation. Regular and irregular, — forms of past tense. Modifications: — Voice, mode, 
tense, person, number. 

2. He was told of the arrangement by one of liis friends. 

117 



State of New Ycjrk. 
unifoitm ex a mixa tion q ues tioxs. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d. and 3rd Grades, . . . _ . January 7, 1888. 

3. Compare {(i) happy; {h) near; (f) worse; {d) straight; (t) beautiful. 10 

4. Write the feminine of (*/) nephew; (li) hero; (c) baron; (d) benefactor; 

(f) Paul. 10 

5. Which should be first taught, construction or analj^sis? Why? 10 

6. Write (a) five nouns that have no plural; Qi) five that have no singular. 10 

7. Give the principal parts of the following verbs: {a) blow; (?>) break; 

(rt) freeze ; {d) cast ; {c) pay. 10 

8. Define a complex sentence, 10 

9. Write sentences containing [a) an infinitive phrase; (/;) a verb in the poten- 

tial mode, past tense; (c) a relative clause; {d) a substantive clause; 
{e) a noun used as an attribute. 10 

10. Analyze, by diagram or otherwise, — {a) We preferred to remain at home. 
{h) To venture in was to die. (c) Green is the sod and cold the clay. 
((/) He looked mild and gentle. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . February, 1888. 

Old Time, in whose bank we deposit our notes, 

Is a miser who always wants guineas for groats; ' 

He keeps all his customers still in arrears 

By lending them minutes and cliarging them years. — Holmes. 

1. ]\Ientiou the principal and the subordinate clauses in the first two lines of the 

above extract. 10 

2. State the modifiers of Time. 10 

3. What are the simple subjects of all the clauses in the entire selection? What 

are the simj^le predicates? 10 

4. Give case of })ank, miser, customers, fninutes, them. 10 

5. Parse lending. 10 

6. Give the four principal parts of the verbs sit and lay. ■ 10 

7. Illustrate by examples three different uses of the apostrophe. 10 

8. Illustrate by sentence the use of the subjunctive mode. 10 

9. Write a sentence containing a clause used as an object. 10 
10. Write a sentence having an infiuitive used as subject. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 3, 1888. 

1. Conjugate the verb go in the subjunctive present. 10 

2. Write the possessive plural of the following nouns: Woman, fox, sheep, 

turkey, lady. 10 

3. Write the possessive irregular of the following pronouns: It, she, I, ichich, 

whosoever. IC^ 

4. Write the comparative form of each of the following adjectives and adverbs: 

Evil, ioell, little, nigh, hind. 10 

5. Write a sentence containing a relative pronoun in the objective case. 10 

G. Analyze the following sentence: And he called one of the servants and 
asked what these things meant. "Express your analysis by diagram or 
otherwise. 1(^ 

118 



State of New York. 

D EFA li TMEN T OF PUBLIC INS T li U C TION. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 
2d and 3rd Grades, ----- January 7, 1888. 

3. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 

(a) happy happier happiest 

{b) near nearer nearest 

(c) bad worse worst 

(d) straight (cannot logically be compared). 

(e) beautiful more beautiful most beautiful 

4. («) Niece; (6) heroine; (c) baroness; {d) benefactress; {e) Pauline. 

5. Construction. Construction is composition ; analysis is essentiall}' criticism. 

6. Examples: («) Business; gold; peace; sleep; hunger, — (6) Stairs; suds; clothes; assets; 

tidings. 

7. Present. Past. Past Participle. 

(a) blow blew blown 



{h) break 


broke 


broken 


(c) freeze 


froze 


frozen 


((/) cast 


cast 


cast 


(«) pay 


paid 


paid 



S. A complex sentence is a sentence that is composed of two or more clauses, one of which 

modifies some part of another clause. 
9. Examples: (a) 1 wish to hear from you, — (6) He could read, — (c) I was introduced to the 
lady ivhoTYb you saw there, — (ci) I did not know that he was present, — (e) Thou art the man. 
10. No answers required. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- February, 1888. 

1. Principal clause: Old Time is a miser. Subordinate clauses: (a) In whose hank 

ive deposit our notes ; {h) Who always tcants gxiineasfor groats. 

2. Time is modified by («) tlie adjective old ; (b) the adjective clause, in ichose bank 

tee deposit our notes ; (c) the predicate noun (attribute) miser. 

3. Simple subjects : (a) Time, (b) me, (c) trho, (iT) he. Simple predicates : (a) is miser; 

(h) deposit; (c) icants; (d) Icceps. 

4. {a) Bank, objecfire case ; (b) miser, predierde nominative ; (c) customers, objective 

case; (d) minutes, objective case; them, objective case. 

5. Verb ; principal parts, lejid, lent, lending, lent ; irregular; transitive; participle; 

present tense; also used like a noun, objective case, object of the preposition by. 
Note. — Some would simply say: Present participle and object of by. 

6. Sit, sat, sifting, sat. 
Lay, laid, laying, laid. 

7. ('/) John''s book; '7"^ true; He does not pronounce his ?•'«. 

8. If he had gone, I would have remained. 

9. The sentinel said: " Who goes there? " Or, He thought that he toould go. 
10. To (lie for one's country is sweet and glorious. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . March 3, 1888. 

1. Singular, — if I go, if you go, if he go. Plural, — if we go, if you go, if they 

2. "Women's, foxes', sheep's, turkeys', ladies'. 
C. Its. her, ray or mine, whose, whosesoever. 

4. "Worse, better, less, nigher, hinder. 

5. "^/arious answers. 

G. Answer not needed. 

119 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tion q ues tions. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . _ March 3, 1888. 

7. In the above sentence, what is the object of the verb nsked ? Of the verb 

meant ? 10 

8. Explain tlie syntax of that in the following sentence : " A man of polite 

inaapination is let into a great many pleasures that the vulgar are not 
capable of receiving." 10 

9. Exjilain the syntax of capable in the same sentence. 10 
10. Explain the syntax of receiving in the same sentence. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - March 13, 1888. 

1. Write sentences containing adverbs of {n) time; {b) place; {<■) manner; 

{d) degree; (e) negation. Underscore each and also the word it modifies. 10 

2. Give the principal parts of the verbs ride, sit, see, write and chose. 10 

3. Compare all the words that admit of comparison in the following couplet: 

" How far that little candle tlirows his beam ! 

So shines a good deed in a naughty world." 10 

4. What class of verbs has no passive voice ? Write a sentence to illustrate. 10 

5. Classify the clauses in the sentence, "And God said, 'Let there be light,' 

and there was light," stating whether tliey are principal or subordinate. 10 

Note. — In naming a clause, it is sufficient to include only simple subject and simple pred- 
icate. 

G. Parse the word what in the sentence, This is precisely what was necessary. 10 

7. Write sentences containing verbs in the potential mode denoting {a) power; 

(&) necessity ; (<■) permission. 10 

8. Write live abstract nouns. 10 

0. What is a finite verb? 10 

10. Which modes can be used in the interrogative form? Whicli cannot be so 

used? Illustrate. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . March, 1888, Special. 

If we retrench the wages of the schoolmaster, we must raise those of the recruit- 
ing-sergeant. Edward Everett. 

1. Write out a complete analysis of the al)ove extract, using any system famil- 

iar to you. 10 

2. Parse If and recruiting-sergeant. 10 

3. Decline we. 10 

4. Give the four principal parts of the verbs compel, freeze, see, lie and lay. 10 

5. Give a synopsis (first person singular number) of the verb he, in the potential 

mode. 10 

6. Write an interrogative sentence or sentences containing: 

a. A phrase modifying the subject; 

1). A compound relative prounouu ; 

c. A pronoun in the possessive case ; 

cl. A verb in the subjunctive mode. Underscore the parts required. 10 

7. Give the plurals of money, chimney, valley, duty and Henry. 10 

8. Write three nouns which have no plural, and two wliich iiavc no singular. 10 

120 



State of New York. 
department of public i n s t li u c t i o n . 



GRAMMAR.— Answers. 



2d. and 3rd. Grades, 

7. ^^li.at these things meant, ^yhat. 

8. In tlie objective case after receiving. 

9. It belongs to vtdga?: 

10. In tlie objective case after of. 

2d and 3rd Grades, 

1. 



March 3, 1888. 



March 13, 1888. 



No answer required. 

2. Ride — rode — riding — ridden. 
Sit — sat — sitting — sat. 

See — saw — seeing — seen. 

Write — wrote — writing — written. 

Choosy — chose — choosing — chosen. 

3. Far — farther — farthest. 
Little — less — least. 
Good — better — best. 

Naughty — naughtier — naughtiest. 

4. Intransitive verbs. 

5. Principal clauses, God said; there was light. Subordinate clause, Let there he 

light. 

6. Relative pronoun — third person — singular number — neuter gender, nominative 

case in predicate with verb is, and nominative case, subject of the verb icas. 

7. No answer required. 

8. No answer required. 

9. One that predicates the act or state of a subject. 

10. Indicative and potential. Imperative and subjunctive. 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ . - - March, 1888, Special. 

1. Answers will differ. 

2. Tf is a conjunction connecting the clauses. Recruiting -sergeant is a noun, com- 

mon, compound, third person, singular number, masculine gender, objective 
case, and object of ]ireposition of. 

3. Singular. 
Novi. I, 

Poss. my, mine, 
Ohj. me, 

4. Ind. Pres. Ind. Past. 
Compel, compelled, 
Freeze, froze. 
See, saw. 
Lie, lay, 
Lay, laid, 

5. I may be, I might be, I may have been, I migb.t have been. 

6. Answers will differ. 

7. Moneys, chimneys, valleys, duties, and tlie Henrys. 

8. Gold, pride, courage, idleness, cohesion, arcliitecture, rhetoric, bronchitis, meek- 

ness, etc., have no j)lural; assets, suds, scissors, tongs, billiards, breeches, 
trowsers, oats, fireworks, vespers, goods, cattle, ides, embers, literati, etc., 
have no singular. 

121 



Plural 




we, 




our, 




us. 




Part. Pres. 


Part. Past. 


compelliug, 
freezing, 


compelled, 
frozen. 


seeing. 


seen. 


lying, 
laying, 


lain, 
laid. 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TION Q UE8T10NS. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . March, 1888, Special. 

9. Define etymology and syntax. 10 

10. Write one or more declarative sentences containing all the eight ^^aris of 

sj^eech ; underscore the words representing the several parts of sj)eech. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 7, 1888. 

Listen, my children, and you sluill hear 

Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, 

On the eighteenth of April in seventy-five ; 

Hardly a man is now alive 

Who remembers that famous day and year. 

The first six questions have reference to the above selection. 

1. What are the simple subjects of the principal clauses? 10 

2. Name the predicate or predicates of the subordinate clause or clauses. 10 

3. What are the three modifiers of man? 10 

4. Give the syntax (case and why) of children. 10 

0. The relation of what words is shown by on? 10 

6. Give the mode of each verb. 10 

7. What are the feminines of liero^ giant, testator, czar, JosepTi? 10 

8. Change the following to a sentence having a principal and adverbial clause: 

Troy being taken by the Greeks, ^Eneas came into Italy. 10 

9. Decline the personal pronoun oi the second person. 10 
10. Write one or more sentences, iUustrating the use of that as a («) pronoun, {b) 

adjective, (c) conjunction. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - May 5, 1888. 

Sweet was the sound, when oft, at evening's close. 

Up yonder hill the village murmur rose. 

There as I passed with careless steps and slow. 

The mingling notes came softened from below.— Goldsmith. 

The first four questions have reference to the above selection. 

1. What are the simple subjects of the principal clauses? What are the simple 

predicates of the subordinate clauses? 10 

2. Give three modifiers of came. 10 

3. Mention two adverbs, and state what they modify. 10 

4. Select five adjectives (including the) and state w^hat they modify. 10 

5. Conjugate the verb/onsa/ce, in the passive voice, indicative mode, past per- 

fect (pluperfect) tense. 10 

6. Define a collective noun ; give two examples. 10 

7. What parts of speech may connect clauses ? Illustrate each by a sentence 

or sentences. 10 

8. Write a sentence containing a declarative and an interrogative clause. 10 

9. Write a sentence or sentences, illustrating a phrase (preposition and its ob- 

ject) used {a) adjectively, (b) adverbially. 10 

10. illustrate by sentence u clause used as attribute, i. e., like a noun in the 

predicate, forming with an intransitive verb a predicate. 10 

122 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . March, 1888, Special. 

9. Etymology treats of the different parts of speech, their classification and modifi- 
cations. Syntax treats of the relation, agreement, government and arrange- 
ment of words in sentences. 
10. Answers will differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 7, 1888. 

1. You; you; man. 

2. Remembers. 

3. Adjectives a and alice, and the adjective (relative) clause, wlio remembers. 

4. Nominative independent by direct address. 

0. Ride — day. 

6. Listen is in the imperative mode; shall hear, is and remembers are in the indica- 

tive mode. 

7. Heroine, giantess, testatrix, czarina, Josephine. 

•S. When Troy had been taken by the Greeks, iEneas came into Italy. 

9. See a school grammar. 
10. Example: Give me the book that lies on that table, tJidt I may read it. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - May 5, 1888. 

1. Subjects of principal clauses : sound; notes. Predicates of subordinate clauses: 



3. 1st, adverb, there; 2nd, adverbial clause, as 1 passed ; 8rd, adverbial phrase, 
from below. 

3. Oft modifies tlie verb rose ; there modifies the verb came. 

4. S'weeil modifies sound; the modifies sound, murmur, and notes; yonder modifies 

hill ; village modifies murmur ; careless and slow modify steps ; mingling modi- 
fies notes. 

5. I had been forsaken, thou hadst been forsaken, he had been forsaken, we had 

been forsaken, you had been forsaken, they had been forsaken. 

6. A noun which in the singular number denotes more tlian one is called a collec- 

tive noun. Examples: school, army. 

7. Conjunctions, relative pronouns and certain adverbs. (Illustrative sentences.) 

8. Example: He said, Will you go? 

9. Example: A coin of great value was found in the street. 

10. His answer was "7 loill go,"" or, the teacher's desire is that all should learn. 

123 



State of New Yurk. 

UNIFORM EX AM IN A TIONQUES TIONS. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d and 3d Grades, .----- June, 1888. 

The Puritans brought to civil and military affairs a coolness of judgment and an 
immutability of purpose which some writers have thought inconsistent with their 
religious zeal, but which were, in fact, the necessary effects of it. Macaclay. 

The first five questions following have reference to the above selection. 
1. Mention all the clauses, classifying them as principal or subordinate. 10 

XoTE. — In naming clauses it is sufficient to include only the simple subject and simple 
predicate. 
U. Give all the modifiers of imrmitnUlity. 10 

3. Parse fully the second ichich. 10 

4. Give syntax (case and why) of effects. 10 

5. Under proper headings indicating the parts of speech, classify all of the 

words of the above extract. 10 

6. "Write a sentence containing a noun in apposition with the object of a transi- 

tive verb. 10 

7. Write a sentence whose predicate is modified by an adverb, a phrase (prepo- 

sition and its object) and a clause (subject and predicate). 10 

8. Write a sentence having a clause used as its subject. 10 

9. Write synopsis (first person, singular number) of the verb he in the indica- 

tive mode, 10 

10. By sentence or sentences illustrate the connection of clauses by three dif- 
ferent parts of speech. 10 



2d and 3rd Grades, ----- August 14, 1888. 

Labor sits enthroned in palaces of crystal, whose high-arched roofs proudly sparkle 
in the sunshine which delightetli to honor it, and whose ample courts are crowded 
with the trophies of its victories in every country, and in every age. Rev, Newman 
Hall. 

The first eight questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and simple predicate. 
In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the ca/'e and the reason for it. 
By jihraxe is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and'its simple (unmodihed) object. 

A modifier may be a ivonl, iihraxe, or clause. 
Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

1. What are the modifiers of palaces ? 10 

2. What are the predicates of the subordinate clauses? 10 

3. Give syntax of 7'oofs and sunshine. 10 

4. Select (1) two adjective phrases, (2) two adverbial ])hrases. 10 

5. What is the olBce of enthroned ? 10 

6. What modes are found in the above selection ? 10 

7. Parse sits. 10 

8. Parse the first ^chose. ' 10 

9. Write a sentence containing a pronoim used as a part of the predicate 

(attribute). 10 

10. Write a sentence containing a present perfect (compound) participle, i. e., a 

participle in the present perfect tense. 10 

124 



State of New York. 

D EPA HTMENT OF PUBLIC I^S Tit U il TI N. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 



2d and 3rd Grades, 



June, 1888»^ 

Subordinate clauses — Which wj'iters 



Prepositions. Conjunctions. 
And. 
But. 



1. Principal clause — Puritans brought. 

knee thouglit ; which icere effects. 

2. Adjective, an; phrase, of purpose; the two subordinate clauses. 

3. Pronoun, relative, third person, plural number, neuter gender, agreeing with its 

antecedents, coolness and immutability, subject of the verb were and in the 
nominative case. 

4. Attribute of the predicate and agrees with the subject which in the nominative 

case. 
5. 

Nouns. Pronouns. Adjectives. Verbs. 

Puritans. Which. The. Brought. To 

Affairs. Their. Civil. Have thought. Of. 

Coolness. It. Military. Were. With. 

Judgment. A. In. 

Immutability. An. 

Purpose. Some. 

Writers. Inconsistent. 

Zeal. Religious. 

Fact. Necessary. 

Effects. 

6. I saw Mr. Jones, the merchant. 

7. The children walked briskly to school, ichen the bell rang. 

8. Who goes there? was said by the sentinel. That man is mortal is certain. 

9. Present, I am. Past, I was. Future, I shall (will) be. Present perfect, I have 

been. Past perfect, I had been. Future perfect, I shall (will) have been. 
10. John writes and Mary reads. Mr. Smith, icho was sick, has recovered. He. 
came when he was called. 



2d and 3rd Grades, ----- August 14, 1888. 

1. The adjective phrase, of crystal, and the adjective clauses, whose roofs sparkle 

and whose courts are crowded. 

2. 82)arkle, delighteth and are crowded. 

3. Subject of the verb sparkle, and in the nominative case. Object of the preposi- 

tion in, and in the objective case. 

4. Adjective phrases, of crystal and of victories ; adverbial phrases, in palaces, in 

sunshine, with trophies, in country, and in age. 

5. A participle, in the past tense and modifies labor. 

6. Indicative and injinitive modes. 

7. Sits is a verb, principal parts, sit, sat, sitting, sat, irregular, intransitive, indica- 

tive mode, ])resent tense, and agrees with its subject, labor, in the third person 
and singular number. 

8. Whose is a pronoun, relative, third person, plural number and neuter gender to 

agree with its antecedent, palaces, is in the possessive case and modifies roofs. 

9. Example : It is 1. 

10. Example: The hoy having recited his lesson teas disinissed. 

126 



State of New York. 
uniform ex a mix a tiox q uestl 0x8. 

GRAMMAR. 
2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . September 1, 1888. 

Arabia is destitute of navigable rivers, which fertilize the soil, and convey its 
products to the adjacent regions; the torrents tnat full from the hills are imbibed by 
the thirsty earth; the rare and hardy plants, the tamarind or the acacia, tliat strike their 
roots into the clefts of the rocks, are nourished by the dews of the night. Gibbon. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and simple predicate. 
In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 
IJy phra-^e is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its simple (unmoditiod) object. 

A modifier may be a word, phrase or clause. 
Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

1. Wliat are the simple subjects of the principal clauses? 10 

2. What are the predicates of the subordinate clauses? 10 

3. Give the modifiers of rivers. 10 

4. Make a list of the pronouns in the selection, indicating to what class of pro- 

nouns each belongs. 10 

5. What is the syntax of tamarind? 10 

6. Parse into and destitute. 10 

7. Name two nouns which are objects of prepositions and three nouns which 

are objects of verbs. 10 

8. Define a ^>erso?iaZ^j?'o/Jo?<«. 10 

9-10. By sentences illustrate tlie connection of clauses by three different 
parts of speech, and indicate to what jjart of speech each connective 
used, belongs. 20 



2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 11, 1888. 

In short, the city of Rome was enriched with the spoils of the whole world, and 
had that air of pomp and magnificence which suited the capital of the greatest 
empire that the world ever saw. Petek Parley. 

The first six questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and simple predicate. 
In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 
IJy phraae is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its simple (unmodified) object. 

A modifier may be a icord, jjiwase, or clavse. 
Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

1. Classify the clauses as principal and subordinate. 10 

2. What are the modifiers of the subject of the ])rincipal clause? 10 

3. How is the predicate was enriched modified? 10 

4. Give the modifiers of air and empire. 10 
0. Parse the first and, and the first that. 10 

6. Parse the second that. 10 

7. Define a relative pronoun. 10 

8. Write two ahsiract and two collective nouns. 10 

9. W^rite a sentence whose simple subject is a ^mrticiple. 10 
10. Write a sentence Jiaving a clause used as subject. 10 

126 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2d. and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 1, 1888. 

1. Arabia, torrents and plants. 

2. Fertilize and convey, fall, stril-e. 

3. The adjective, navigalle, and the adjective clause, tr/iich fertilise. 

4. Relative pronouns, whidi, that. 
Personal pronouns, its, their. 

5. In apposition with plants, and agrees with it in the nominative case. 

6. Into is, a preposition and shows the relation betwi'en clefts and strike. Destitute 

is a qualifj'ing adjective, positive degree and modifies Aralda. 

7. Objects of prepositions, ricers, regions, hills, earth, clefts, rocks, dews, night. 
Objects of verbs, soil, jn'oducts, roots. 

8. A pronoun wliose form is varied to indicate person is called a j^ersonal pronoun. 
9-10. John came and James went away. Air. Smith, who called, immediately left. 

They returned when they liad finished the work. And is a conjunction ; tcho 
is a pronoun; lohen is an adverb. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 11, 1888. 

1. Principal clause, citi/ was enriched. Subordinate clauses, which suited and that 

tcorld saw. 

2. The subject, citij, is modified by the adjective the and the adjective phrase of 

Rome. 

3. The predicate, was enriched, is modified by the adverbial clause, tcith spoils. 

4. Air is modified by the adjective, iliat, the adjective phrase, of pomp and magnifi- 

cence, and the adjective clause, irhich suited; emjnre is modified by adjec- 
tives, the and greatest, and the adjective clause, that world sair. 

5. And is a conjunction and connects the predicates was enriched and had. That is 

a specifying adjective and modifies air. 
G. lliat is a pronoun, relative, agrees with its antecedent, empire, in the third 
person, singular number, and neuter gender, is the object of saw and is in the 
objective case. 

7. A pronoun which connects clauses is called a relative pronoun. 

8. Examples of abstract nouns: truth, justice, honestij. Examples of collective 

nouns: school, arniy, assembly. 

9. Example: Jumping from a moving railroad train is dangerous. 

AO. Examples: That study is useful is evident; " I will go,''' was his answer. 

127 



State of New York. 
uniform ex a mina tjon q ues tjons. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ _ - - - October 6, 1888. 

There is a realm wliere tlie rainbow never fades, — where the stars will spread out 
before us, like islands that slumber on the ocean, and where the beautiful beings 
whicli here pass before us like sliadows, will stay in our presence forever. 

The first six questions refer to the above selection. 

XoTES. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and simple predicate. 
In giving the sijnta.t of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 
Hy phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its simple (unmodified) object. 

A modifier may be a ivord, phrase, or clause. 
Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

1-3. What four modifiers of realm ? 20 

3. Name two relative pronouns, and state what the clauses in which they occur, 

modify. 10 

4. What are the modifiers of pass ? 10 

5. Give the syntax of realm. 10 

6. Parse wMch. 10 

7. Define voice. By examples illustrate both voices. 10 

8. Give an example of the regular comparison of an adjective, and the irregular 

comparison. 10 

9. Define a common uouu. 10 
10. Write a sentence containing a verb in the potential mode and a verb in the 

injinitive mode. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - ... November 3, 1888. 

'Tis a time 

For memory and for tears. 

Within the deep, still chambers of the heart, a spectre dim 

Whose tones are like the wizard voice of time. 

Heard from the tomb of ages, points its cold 

And solemn fingers to the beautiful 

And holy visions that have passed away, 

And left no shadow of their loveliness 

On the dead waste of life. Prentiss. 

- The first eight questions refer to the above selection. 

jvoTES. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject, and its simple predicate. 
In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 
By -phrase is meant a preposition with its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its smiple (unmodified) object. 

A modifier may be a word, phrase, or clause. 
Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

1. Which are the principal clauses? Which are the subordinate clauses? 10 

2. Give four modifiers of voice. 10 

3. The phrase, within chambers modifies what? 10 

4. Give four modifiers of visions. 10 

5. Give the syntax of time, in the first line. 10 

6. Give the four principal parts of the verbs, are, and heard. 10 
7-8. Write the synopsis of the verb have in the indicative mode, naming each 

tense, and using the first person. 20 

9. Name one each of all parts of speech found in the selection. 10 

10. Write a sentence containing an objective clause. 10 

128 



State of New York. 
deparl'ment of public instrv ctton. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd' Grades, - - . . . October 6, 1888. 

1-2. liealm is moditied by the adjective n, and the adjective clauses, tcliere 
rainbow fades, where stars will spread, and tcliere beings tcill stay. 

3. That, the chiuse modifies islands. Wiich, the clause modifies beings. 

4. The adverb here, and the adverbial phrases, before us, and liJce shadows. 
i). Subject of the verb is, and in the nominative case. 

6. Which is a pronoun, relative, agrees with its antecedent, beings, in the third 

person, plural number, both genders, is the suljject of the verb pass, and is in 
the nominative case. 

7. That property of transitive verbs, which distinguishes their subjects as acting or 

acted upon, is called voice. John writes a letter. A letter is written by John. 

8. Large, larger, largest. Good, better, best. 

9. A name that may be applied to each object of the same class is called a common 

noun. 
10. 7 may wish to go. 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ _ . . . November 3, 1888. 

1. Principal clauses, ' Tis time, and spectre points. Subordinate, VTfiose tones are 

like voice, and that have 2)assed, and left. 

2. Tlie adjectives, the and icizard, the adjective phrase, of time, and the participle 

heard. 

3. Points. 

4. The adjectives the, lieautiful, and holy, and tlie adjective clauses, that have jx^ssed, 

and left. 
0. Predicate noun (attribute) and agrees with the subject it in the nominative case. 
6. Am (be), was, being, been. * 

Heai', h.eard, hearing, heard. 
7-8. Present, I have; past, I had; future, I shall (will) liave; present perfect, I 

have had; past perfect, I liad had; future perfect, I sliall (will) have had. 

9. No answers need to be here given. 

10. Examples: He said that he would go. He replied, "■! iviU go." 

129 



State of New York. 
uni form e x a m inatio x q ue st 10 ns. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ . . . . January 5, 1889. 

Alexander rose early; the first moments of the day were consecrated to private de- 
votion, and his domestic chapel was filled with the images of those heroes who by 
improving or reforming human life, had deserved the grateful reverence of posterity. 

Gibbon. 

The first eight questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, inchide only its simple subject and simple predicate. 

In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 

By /)Ara«e is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the ])reposi- 
tiou and its simple (unmodified) object. 

A modifier may be 9. word, j)lirase or clarise. 

Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles, tltc and a forming a subdivision of ad- 
jectives, a.nd ^Jarticiples being one of the modifications of verbs. 

In parsing verbs, observe the following order: Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive 
or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 

1. Classify all the clauses as principal or subordinate. 8 

2. Give a list of all tlic verbs witli voice of each. 13 

3. Parse the first verb. 10 

4. Select and write in a cohimn tlie following; ('^) a relative pronoun, (5) a 

pronoun in the possessive case, (c) a participle used lilvc a noun and in the 
objective case, (d) an adverb, (e) an adjective clause, (f) a noun used as 
object of a transitive verb, (g) an adverbial phrase, (h) an adjective phrase, 
(i) a qualifying (descriptive) adjective, (/') a specifying (limiting) adjec- 
tive. ' ... ^^ 

5. Give synopsis (first person, singular) of the verl) deserve, in all the tenses of 

the indicative mode. 6 

6. Compare carhj. 3 

7. Name and classify the modifiers of the second subject, moments. 6 

8. ('0 Write the second clause, changing the voice of the verb; (li) state how- 

to change the active voice of any transitive verb to the passive voice. 10 

9. Write a sentence containing a noun in apposition with the subject. Write a 

sentence containing a pronoun used as attribute (predicate noun). 10 

10. Illustrate by sentence or sentences, the use of {n) a plural noun in the pos- 
sessive case, {h) a A'erb having two subjects, {c) a verb liaving two objects. 15 

2d and 3rd Grades, - ... - Febrviary 2, 1889. 

They advanced in two lines, quickening their ])ace as they closed toward the 
enemy. A more fearful spectacle was never witnessed than hj those who beheld 
these heroes rushing to the arms of death. At the distance of twelve hundred 
yards the whole line of the enemy belched forth from thirty iron mouths a flood of 
smoke and flame, througli which hissed the deadly balls. Their flight was marked 
by instant gaps in onr ranks, by dead men and horses, by steeds flying wounded and 
riderless across the plain. AV. H. Russell. 

The fir-st seven questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its unmodified s\ibject and unmodified predicate. 

In giving the si/ntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the cnse and the reason for it. 

By phrase is meant a preposition aud its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its unmodified object. 

A modifier may be a tvord, phrase, or clause. 

Infinitives are classed as wo^i^e* of the verb. 

Only eight parts of speech are rocojinized — the articles, tlie and a forming a subdivision of ad- 
jectives, and particijjles being one of the modifications of verbs. 

130 



State of New York. 
department of p ub l i o ins t li u t i ox. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . _ _ - _ January 5, 1889. 

1. Principal clauses, Alexander rose., 

Moments loere consecrated, 
Chapel was ^filled. 
Subordiuate clause, Who had deserved. 

2. Hose, active voice; irei'e consecrated, passive; ivas ^filled, j)assive; improving, 

active; reforming, active; had deserved, active. 

3. Principal parts, rise, rose, rising, risen, irregular, intransitive, is in the form of 

the active voice, indicative mode, jiast tense, third person, singular number, to 
agree with its subject, Alexander. 

4. ((7) who; 

(b) his; 

(c) improving, reforming; 
{d) early; 

{e) who had deserved; 

(/) reverence ; 

{g) to devotion, with images, by improving, by reforming; 

{h) of day, of heroes, of posterity ; 

(^) private, domestic, human, grateful; 

(j) the, first, those. 

5. Present, I deserve; past, I deserved; future, I sliall (will) deserve; present ])er- 

feet, I have deserved; past-perfect, I had deserved; future-perfect, I shall 
(will) have deserved. 

G. Positive, early; comparative, earlier; superlative, earliest. 

7. The adjectives, tlie and first, and the adjective phrase of day. 

8. He consecrated the first moments of the day to private devotion. 

Prefix the projier mode and teuse of the verb, to he, to the past (perfect) 
participle of the given verl>. 

9. Milton, the poet, was blind. It is I. 

10. The toys' cats and dogs eat bread and meat. 

2d and 3rd G-rades, - . - . . February 2, 1889. 

1. Principal clauses: They advanced^ Spectacle was witnessed. Line belched. Flight was 

marled. 
Subordinate clauses: As they dosed, Who beheld, Throtigh which balls hissed. 
Note. — Two subordniate clauses could be restored after than. 

2. Objects of verl)s : Pace, Jteroes, flood. 

Objects of prepositions : Lines, enemy, arms, death, distance, yards, mouths, smole, 

flame, gaps, ranks, men, horses, steeds, plain. 
Participles used like adjectives: Quickening, rushing, flying, wozmded. 

3. Adverbial phrases: In lines, toioard enemy, by those, to arms, at distance, from 

mouths, through which, by gaps, by men and horses, by steeds, across p)letin. 
Adjective phrases: Of death, of yards, of enemy, of smoke and flame, in ranks. 

131 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tion questions. 

GRAMMAR. 
2d and 3rd Grades, _ _ _ . . February 2, 1889. 

Iq parsing a verb, observe the following order : Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive 
or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 

In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following order. Class, person, number, gender, 
case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its ante- 
cedent. An object of a transitive verbis classed as a inodijitr of such verb. 

1. Select three principal and two subordinate clauses. lOi 

2. Select two nouns each of which is the object of a verb, and three nouns 

each of which is tlie object of a prejiosition . 
Select a particijile used like an adjective. lOi 

3. Select three adverbial phrases and two adjective phrases ; state what each 

modifies. 10 

4. Parse who. Give syntax of lulls. Ift 

5. Conjugate the verb fli/ in the progressive form of the indicative mode, 

present tense. Decline icMch. 10 

6. Give the modifiers of belched. Select a verb used in the passive voice. 1ft 

7. Select (a) a past (perfect) participle, (l) an adverb in the comparative degree, 

(c) four different prepositions, {d) two conjunctions, (e) two relative pro- 
nouns. 10 

8. What are the four principal parts of verbs ? 

State how the past perfect (pluperfect) tense, common form, is made. 10 

9. Write a sentence containing a verb in the subjunctive mode, and another 

containing an adjective in the superlative degree. lOi 

10. Write a sentence whose subject is modified by a word, a phrase, and a 

clause. 10 



2d and 3rd Grades, ----- March 2, 1889. 

A person who believes he has his succor at hand, and tliat he acts in sight of his 
friend, often exerts himself beyond his abilities, and does wonders tiiat are not to be 
matched by one who is not animated with such a confidence of success. 

Joseph Addison. 

The first six questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. 

In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 

'iij phrase\& meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition; 
and its unmodified object. 

A modifier may be a ivord, phfase or clavse. 

Infinitives are classed as wo(te of the verb. 

Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles llie and a forming a subdivision of ad- 
jectives, &n A participles being one of the modifications of verbs. 

Treat verb.? as divided into two classes only, viz., t'ansitive and intransitive; and treat voice as. 
a ])roj)erty of transitire verbs only. 

in parsing a verb, observe the following order: Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive 
or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 

In parsing a novm or pronoun, observe the followiiig order; Class, person, number, gender, 
case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its ante- 
cedent. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modijier of such verb. 

1. Name five clauses, classifying them as principal or subordinate. 10 

2. Name a subject having two predicates, and give the modifiers of tliose pred- 

icates. 1(^ 

3. Name two objective and two adjective clauses. State what each modifies. 10 

4. Select two cacli of tlie following i)arts of speech : pronoun, adjective, verb, 

adverb, conjunction 10 

132 



State of New York. 
depa r tmext f p ubll c ins tr uc tion. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2d aad 3rd Grades, . . . . . February 2, 1889. 

4. Who is a pronouu, relative, agrees with its antecedent those in the third person, 

plural number, and masculine gender. It is the subject of the verb heheld, 
and is therefore in the nominative case. 
Balls is the subject of the verb hissed, and is therefore in the nominative case. 

5. Singular: I am flying, you are flying, he is flying. 
Plural : We are flying, you are flying, they are flying. 

Nominative, which ; possessive, whose , objective, which ; singular and plural alike. 

6. The adverbial phrase, At distance, the adverb, forth, the adverbial phrase, froin 

mouths, the object, ^oo^. 
Verbs i;sed in the passive voice: was icitnessed, was marlced. 

7. ('/) ^coiinded, (li) more, (c) in, toward, hi/, to, of, at, from, through, across, {d) as, 

than, and, (e) who, which. 

8. Present and past tenses of the indicative mode, and present and past tenses 

of the participle. 
By prefixing the, past tense of have, ?'. e., had, to the past (perfect) participle, 

9. If I go he will not come. 

This is the finest day of the year. 

10. The large basket of grapes which you sent was received. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 2, 1889. 

1. Principal clause. Person exerts and does. Subordinate clauses, Who Relieves, He 

has, He acts, That are to lie matched, Who is animated. 

2. Person. First predicate, exerts, is modified by adverb, often, the object, himself, 

and the adverbial phrase, Tjeyond aldlities. Second predicate, does, is modified 
by the object, wonders. 

S. Objective clauses. He has, and He acts. Tliey both modify lelieves. Adjective 
clauses, Who believes, modifying person; That are to he matched, modifying 
wonders; Who is animated, modifying one. 

4. Pronouns, who, lie, his, himself, that. (Some class one as a ])ron()un.) Adjectives, 

A, the, one, such. Verbs, helieves, has, acts, exerts, does, are, to he matched, is 

animcded. Adverbs, often, not. Conjunctions, and, that. 

133 



State of New Yc^rk. 
uniform ex a mina tion q u e is tl ons. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d and. 3d Grades, . . . . . March 2, 1889. 

5. Select {a) a verb in the passive voice, indicative mode, {h) an adjective used 

like a noun (by some called an adjective pronoun), {c) a verb in the infini- 
tive mode used like an adjective, {d) the antecedent of the pronoun, that, 
(e) a pronoun in the objective case. 10 

6. Parse is animated according to the order given in the above notes. 10 

7. Write four short sentences illustrating the four principal parts of the verb, 

do, using a subject in the third person, singular number. 
Which one of these parts is used in making tiie jyrwsi'ye voice ? 10 

8. Illustrate by sentence or sentences the use of an ((ppositive (noun or pronoun 

in apjiosition), and a predicate nona (attribute). 10 

9. When may a group of words be called an adjective element? When an ad- 

verbial element? Give an illustration of each. 10 

10. Give examples of two different uses of the infinitive mode, and classify the 

examples. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 12, 1889. 

Wlien, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dis- 
solve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, 
among the powers of the earth, the separate and ecjual station to which tiie laws of 
nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind 
requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

Declaration ov Independence. 

The first five questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In namitifr a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. 

In giving the syiitajc of a noun or pronoun, give only tlie case and the reason for it. 

By phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the ])repositioD 
and it.s unmodified object. 

A modifier may be a word, phrase or clavse. 

Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles the and a forming a subdivision of 
adjectives, and participles being one of the modifications of verbs. 

Treat verbs as divided into two classes only, viz., transitive and intransitive ; and treat voice as 
a property of transitice verbs only. 

In parsing a verb, observe the following order: Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive 
or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 

In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the followmg order: Class, person, number, gender, 
case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its 
antecedent. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of such verb. 

1. Select five subordinate clauses, classifying them as adjective, adverbial, or 

objective. 10 

2. What are the modifiers of res]ject? of requires? 10 

3. What are the modifiers of laTids ? of to assume ? 10 

4. Decline the personal pronoun of the third person, giving all of its forms in 

the singular. 10 

5. Give an example of each part of speech found in the selection. Give the 

syntax of the relative pronouns. 10 

6. Select one verb illustratinc: each mode fouml in the above extract. Parse 

that. " 10 

7. Write a sentence containing a verb in the imperative mode. Write a sentence 

containing a plural noun in the possessive case. 10 

8. Illustrate by sentence the correct use of the comparative ; the superlative. 10 

134 



State of New York. 
department of public instruct ton. 

GRAMMAR. —Answers. 

2d and 3d Grades, - - • - - - March 2, 1889. 

5. («) Verb in passivp voice and indicative mode, is animated, (h) Adjective used 

like a noun, 07ie. (f) Verb in infinitive mode used like an adjective, to be 
matched, (d) Antecedent of that, wonders, (e) Pronoun in objective case, 
himself. (Some would treat one as a pronoun in objective case.) 

6. Is animated is a verb, principal parts, animate, animated, animating, animated, 

re<?ular, transitive, passive voice, indicative mode, present tense, and agrees 
with the subject who in the third person, singular number. 

7. Tie does well. He did well. He is doing well. He has done well. The past, 

or perfect, particijile is used in making the passive voice. 

8. Appositive, Milton, the poet was blind. Predicate noun, Milton was a blind 2)oet. 

9. When they modify a noun or pronoun, they constitute an adjective element. One 

of the relative clauses in the selection is an example. When they modify a 
verb, adjective, or adverb, they constitute an adverbial element. Ex., He 
came when he was called. 
10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . March 12, 1889. 

1. Adverbial. It becomes necessary. 
Adjective. Which have connected. 
Laws entitle. 
Which impel. 
Objective. They should declare. 

3. Modifiers of respect. Adjectives, a and decent, adjective plirase, to opinions. 
Modifiers of requires, Adverbial clause. It becomes necessary ; objective clause. 
They should declare. 

3. Modifiers of Ja?i(?s ; Adjectives, the and 2)olitical, and the adjective clause, Which 

have connected. Modifiers of to assum,e : The adverbial phrase, among powers, 
and the object station. 

Singular. 

4. Nom. he, Poss. his, Obj. him, ) 

" she, " her, " her, I 

" it, " its, " it. ) 
Pluhal. 

Nom. they, Poss. their, Obj. them. 

5. Answers to the first part may differ. 

Which in the second line is the subject of have connected, and is in the nominative 

case. 
Which in the third line is tlie object of the preposition to, and is in the objective 

case. 

6. Indicative: Becomes; have connected; entitle; requires; impel. Infinitive: To 

dissolve; to assitme. Potential: Should declare. That connects the clauses, 
U'spect requires and they should declare ; it is, therefore, a conjunction. 

7. Examples: (rc> quickly. The 7w?/s' lessons were recited well, or, He sells wo7?i6/i's 

shoes. 

8. Examples: John is taller than I. Tins is the shortest day of the year. 

135 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TION QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d. and 3rd Grrades, . . . . . March 12, 1889. 

9. When sliould a verb haviug two or more singular subjects be in the singular 

number? When, in the plural number? Illustrate by sentences. 10 

10. Write two nouns having no singular, and two nouns having the same form 

for botii numbers. Decline the noun lady in both numbers. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . - April 6, 1889. 

If the reader sees in this fairy picture only the romantic coloring of some fabulous 
El Dorado, he must recall what has been said before in reference to the palaces of 
the Incas, and consider that these " Houses of the Sun," as they were styled, were 
the common i-eservoir into which flowed all the streams of public and private bene- 
factions throughout the empire. 

William H. Prescott. 

The first six questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes.— In naming a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. 

lu giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 

By phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its unmodified object. 

A modifier may be a ivord, phrase or clause. 

An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of that verb. 

Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles the and « forming a subdivision of 
adjectives, and participuis being one of the modifications of verbs. 

Treat verbs as divided into two classes only, viz., transitive and intransitive / and treat voice as 
a property of transitive verbs only. 

In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following order; Class, person, number, gender, 
case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its 
antecedent. 

In parsing a verb, observe the following order; Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive 
or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 

1. Give the unmodified subject, and the unmodified ^^redicates (predicate verbs) 

of the principal clause. 10 

2, What are the modifiers of («) must recall; (/*) consider? 10 
y. What are the modifiers of («) sees; (?>) reservoir? 10 

4. Parse has J)een said. 10 

5. Parse {a) that; (l) into. ' 10 

6. Give the synta.x of (a) reservoir; (b) stream. 10 

7. Define (a) adjective; (b) preposition: (c) abstract noun. 10 

8. Name five adjectives which being used like nouns are often called adjective 

pronouns. 10 

9. Write sentences showing the use of the past perfect (pluperfect) tense of the 

verb, (a) sit; (b) set; (c) lie {to recline) \ (d) lay. 10 

10. Illustrate by sentence or sentences the use of a participle and an infinitive 

used like adjectives. 10 

136 



State of New York. 

DEPART ME XT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . . March 12, 1889. 

9. When they are connected by or or nor. Ex., John or Charles is coming. When 
they are connected by and. Ex., John and Charles are coming. 
10. Examples : Nouns witli no singular, scissors, vespers, ashes, etc. 

Nouns having the same form in both numbers: Deer, sheep, sicine, etc. 
Singular. — Nom. lady, Poss. Jadifs, Obj. lady. 
Plural. — Nom. ladies, Poss. ladies', Obj. ladies. 

2d and 3rd G-rades, - . - . . April 6, 1889. 

1. Subject, he. Predicates, mtist recall, and (must) consider. 

2. (a) The adverbial clause, //' reader sees, and the objective clause, ^c1mt has heen 

said. {What may be treated as the object.) (6) The objective clause, that 
" Houses of the Sun " 7rere reservoir. 

3. (a) The adverbial phrase vi picture, and the object coloring ; (h) the adjectives 

the and common, and the adjective clause, into ichich floiced streams. 

4. Piincipal parts, say, said, saying, said; regular, transitive, passive voice. 

indicative mode, present perfect tense, and agrees with the subject lohat in 
the third person and singular number. 

5. {a) That connects the following clause to the verb consider, and is a conjunction. 

ip) Into shows the relation between its object xvhich and the verb floiced, and 
is a preposition. 

6. (rt) Attribute (predicate noun); agrees with the subject in t!ie nominative case. 

(?') Subject of flowed ; nominative case. 

7. i/i) A word used to modify a noun or pronoun is an adjective. ('•) A word used 

to show relation is a preposition, (c) The name of a quality is an abstract 
noun. 

8. Ex., All, any, both, few, this, that. 

9. Ex., {a) He had sat at the table an hour, (jti) He had set the hen. (c) He had 

lain in bed too long. (^7) He had laid the book on tlie table. 
10. Ex., John having recited his lesson was dismissed. 

These are the problems to be solved. 

137 



State of New York. 
uniform examina ti on questions. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... ]y[ay 4, 1889. 

After ;i continuous service of three terms, I will leave this chair to-day with 
sentiments of the warmest friendship and the most profound respect, not only for 
the gentlemen who compose the present House, but for all that have preceded them; 
and, wliile tlie termination of my official labors and responsibilities affords of itself 
no occasion for regret, I cannot without reluctance sever the relations which have 
existed so long between us. 

John G. Carlisle. 

The first seven questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — L In naming a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. 

2. Subordinate clauses include («) subject clauses; (I) objective clauses; (c) adjective clauses; 
{d) adverbial clauses. 

3. By phram is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a pbrase, give only tbe preposition 
and its unmodified object. 

4. A modifier may be a word, phrase or clause. 

5. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of that verb. 

<>. Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles the and a forming a subdivision of 
adjectives, and participles being one of the modifications of verbs. 

7. Infinitives are classed as 7nodes of the verb. 

S. In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following order: Class, person, number, gendc^r, 
case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its 
antecedent. 

;i. In giving the syntax, of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 

10. Treat verbs as divided into two classes only, viz., transitive and intransitive ; and treat voice 
as a property of transitive verbs only. 

11. In parsing a verb, observe the following order: Principal parts, regular or irregular, transi- 
tive or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 

12. The special use of an infinitive or a participle is given after tense. 

1. Select the principal clauses. State what connects them. 10 

2-3. Select the subordinate clauses, and state what each modifies, 20 

4. Give the modifiers of (a) respect ; (J)) affords. 10 

5. Parse nil. 10 

6. Parse that. 10 

7. Select two examples of each part of speech found in the selection. 10 

8. Using / as subject, write the future perfect (second future) tense of hid ; 

tising tliey as subject, write the same tense of go. 10 

9. Write a sentence whose subject is modified by an adjective clause, and 

whose predicate is modified by an adverbial clause. 10 

10. Write a sentence containing an interrogative pronoun used (a) as an object 

of a verb; (b) as an object of a preposition. 10 

138 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

3d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . . May 4, 1889. 

1. I icill leace aud I can aecer. Cou junction and. 

2-3. The clause who covifose modifies yeutlemen ; the clause that have preceded 
modifies all ; the clause rohile termination affords modifies can sever ; the 
clause ichich have existed modifies relations. 

4. (a) The adjectives the and profound, and the phrases/b?- gentlemen and for all ; 

{!)) the phrase of itself, aud the object occasion. 

5. All is an adjective, specifying, not compared, used like a noun, third person, 

plural number, masculine gender, object of the preposition for, aud in the 
objective case. (It is also parsed as an adjective pronoun.) 

G. I'hat is a pronoun, relative, agreeing with its antecedent all in the third person, 
plural number and masculine gender, subject of have preceded, nominative 
case. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. I shall have bid (bidden). They will have gone. 

9. Ex., The man who was summoned, returned when he had delivered the message. 

10. Ex., (a) Whom did you call? (b) Towards what is he drifting? 

139 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

METHODS. 

No Answers Furnished. 

"2d Grade, ..-.-- September 3, 1887. 

XoTK. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four examinations in this 
subject held in 1SR7: 

1st Grade. — All questions in every subject appl^' to first grade licenses. 

Sd Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, apply to second 
grade licenses. 

Srd (?/'at^e.— Questions printed in italics only, apply to third grade licenses.— See Kegulations. 

Outline a typical lesson for one of your grades in : 

1. Keading; 25 

2. Arithmetic; 25 

3. Spelling; 25 

4. Geography. 25 

2d Grade, ...... October 1, 1887. 

Outline a typical lesson for one of your grades in : 

1. Language; 25 

2. Physiology and Hygiene ; 25 

3. American History; 25 

4. Reading. 25 

2d Grade, . . . ... November 5, 1887. 

1. In cold weather, what means would you use to ventilate a school-room unpro- 

vided witli ventilating apparatus? 25 

2. Outline a programme of recitations for use in an ungraded school, or in your 

department of a graded school. 25 

3. How do you teach penmanship? 25 

4. Give methods of controlling a school without recourse to punishment. 25 

2d Grade, ------ December 3, 1887. 

1. Give a plan for preventing tardiness at school. 25 

2. Outline your method of teaching number in primary work. 25 

3. Do you use the sentence method, the word method, or the alphabet metiiod, 

in teaching reading, and what are its advantages over tlie other two? 25 

4. Should false syntax be taught as a part of technical grammar? Why? 25 

1st Grade, . . - _ . March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Explain your method of teaching beginners to read. 20 

2. What is the synthetic method of teaching Geography? 20 

3. Explain the process of dividing one fraction by another. 20 

4. What results should be secured by map-drawing? 20 

5. State two good rules to be observed in criticising pupils in class-work. 20 

Answer a. 

1. For 1, 3, 4 and 5, no answers are required to be given here. 

2. The synthetic method of teaching Geography, begins with what the child can see at 

home and in the school-room, and goes from there to the town, county, etc., 
gradually reaching out to the world as a whole. 

1st Grade, May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. In subtracting 27 from G3, how would you explain the reason for each step? 10 

2. Do you think it advisable to use diagrams in teaching the analysis of Eng- 

lish sentences? Give reasons for your opinion. 10 

3. Give one rule that ought to be observed by all teachers in framing questions 

on subjects they are teaching. Give the reason for the rule. 10 

4. Describe your method of explaming and illustrating how the diurnal revolu- 

tion of the earth produces the a])parent daily motion of the sun. 10 

5. Give a good method of conducting a spelling exercise, stating the number 

of words in the lesson, the manner in whicli the pupils spell, and the 
mauner of criticising and correcting the work. 20 

140 



State of New York. 
department of public instructton. 

METHODS. 

No Answers Furnished. 

1st Grade, May 4 and 5, 1888. 

0. Write a short sentence and describe your method of teaching beginners in 

analysis, what is the subject and why, and what is the predicate and wliy. 10 

7. Describe the manner in which you would teach a child the cardinal points 

of the compass. 10 

8. When it is noon on the first meridian, it is 8 o'clock a. m. at longitude 60°; 

How would you make that plain to a pupil? 10 

9. What is a topical analysis? 10' 

1st Grade, . . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. What is the analytic method of instruction? 

2. Why is the synthetic method especially applicable to primary instruction? 

3. Why should objects be extensively used in primary teaching? 

4. What is the chief value of map-drawing in teaching Geography? 

5. What mental powers are chiefly used (1) in acquiring elementary knowledge? 

(2) lu retaining knowledge? (3) In properly applying knowledge? 

6. How does the imagination aid in acquiring knowledge of things beyond the 

reach of the senses? 

7. Give reasons (1) For permitting pupils to "look over" while others read. 

(2) For not permitting them. 

8. Apply the Delsarte maxim "impression must precede expression," to a 

method of teaching primary reading. 

9. (1) What is a mental power? (2) How is any mental power properly developed 

and strengthened? 

10. How does a practical knowledge of drawing aid the teacher in giving in- 

struction in other subjects? 

11. Give reasons for separating class work into the four divisions ('/) recitation; 

(h) instruction; {c) drill; {d) application. 

12. State, with reasons, the proper lengths of time that should intervene between 

preparation (study) and class work (recitation). 

13. For what objects siiould pupils be required to solve text-book problems be- 

fore class? 

14. Why is good ventilation essential to good study? 

15. How^ is the eye-sight of pupils affected who face a strong light? What is 

the remedy? 

16. Give your views concerning home study by pupils in the public schools. 
Select ten questions from the sixteen here given. 

1st Grade, . . . - - March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. To what mental faculties should the teacher appeal in the instruction and 

training of young children? 20 

2. Briefly describe t\\e irord method in teaching reading. 15 

3. Distinguish between ohject teaching and ohjectire tenclnng. 10 

4. What is the manner of procedure in teaching by the Gnibe method? 15 

5. State three results to be secured in teaching penmanship. 15 

6. State three results to be secured in teaching industrial drawing. 15 

7. Outline a plan for teaching physiology and hygiene to children in primary 

classes. 10 

Answers. 

1. The perceptive faculties, memorj', and iniagiuatiou. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. In ohject teaching, the study of the object is the immediate end in view. In objective 

teaching, the object is introduced for illustration. 

4. It consists mainly in teaching addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and 

fractions toeeiher. 

5. Legibility, neatness, uniformity, and rapidity. 

6. Answers may differ. 

7. Answers may differ. 

141 



State of New York. 

UN IF RM EX A MINA TION Q UES T ION'S. 

PHYSICS. 

1st Grade, . . - - - March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. By diagram illustrate two kinds of levers. 10 

2. How many valves are necessary for a common lifting pump? In which 

direction do tiiey open? 10 

3. Define impenetrability and inertia. 10 

4. Upon what principle does a common thermometer indicate changes of tem- 

perature? 10 

5. Why will cold water poured upon a hot stove lid be likely to break it? 10 

6. When you invert a tumbler full of water covered with a paper, what sus- 

tains the water? 10 

7. Why does a teaspoon standing in a tumbler of water appear bent? 10 

8. What causes dew? 10 

9. Why will smoke rise more readily on some days than on others? 10 
10. Why will shavings ignite more readily than large pieces of wood? 10 

1st Grade, _-...-. May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. Why are iron tires heated before they are placed on wagon wheels? 10 

2. Describe some simple means of developing electricity. 10 

3. Define malleability and ductility. 10 

4. What degrees on a Fahrenheit thermometer indicate the freezing and boil- 

ing of water? 10 

5. Why will the frost disa))pear from frozen ground when it has been covered 

with deep snow for several weeks? 10 

6. In what form will iron resist the greatest pressure exerted in a direction 

tending to break it? 10 

7. What causes the oil to rise in a lamp wick? 10 

8. Why are we not crushed by the enormous weight of the air? 10 

'.). Why are different sensations experienced on touching a piece of wood and 

a piece of iron, each having had equal exposure to heat? 10 

10. What is meant by the center of gravity? 10 

1st Grade, . . - _ - August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. What causes a balloon to rise? 10 

2. What is a vacuum? 10 

3. What must be the shape of a lens that magnifies? 10 

4. Upon what does the pressure of liquids depend? 10 

5. What does a barometer measure? 10 

6. What is meant by the specific gravity of a body? 10 

7. Name the causes of the trade winds? 10 

8. How does the length of a pendulum affect the rapidity of its vibrations? 10 

9. What is an echo? . 10 
10. How does elevation above the earth's surface affect the boiling point of 

liquids? 10 

142 



t 



State of New York. 
departmext of public instruction. 

PHYSICS.— Answers. 
1st Grade, - - - - - March 13 and 14, 1888. 

First class. Second class. Third class. 

F. F. 

1. W^ P. V W. P. V 1'. W. 

A 

F. 

2. Two — Upward. 

3. Impeaetrability, that property of matter in virtue of which no two bodies can occupy the 

same space at the same time. Inertia, that property of matter in virtue of which a body 
cannot set itself in motion, nor when in motinn, can it stop itself. 

4. That mercury expands and contracts regularly by change in temperature. 

5. It causes one side to expand, and thus the brittle iron is broken in bending. 

6. The upward pressure of the air. 

7. The rays of light in passing from the water to the air are refracted. 

8. Principally, the lowering of the temperature after sundown causes condensation of the moist- 

ure in* the air in contact with a substance that readily radiates its heat. It depends also 
upon the amount of moisture in the air. 

9. The air is heavier, when the smoke rises readily. 

10. The shavings are poor conductors of heat and retain it. 

1st Grade, ----- . May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. They are made larger by heating from the expansion of the iron. 

3. Run a liard rubber comb or a warm dry glass tube on a piece of woolen cloth; 

it will become cliarged witii electricity and will attract small bits of paper. 

Other illustrations may be given. 

3. Malleability is that property of matter by virtue of which it may be hammered 

or rolled into thin sheets. Ductility is that property of matter by virtue of 
whicli it may be drawn into fine tiireads or wire. 

4. 32'= and 212'\ 

5. The snow is a very poor conductor of heat, and acts like a thick blanket which 

retains the internal heat of the earth in sufficient amount to graduUy thaw the 
frozen earth. 

6. In the form of a tube. 

7. Capillary attraction. 

8. The air presses equally in all directions, and the internal pressure balances the 

external. 

9. The different conductivities of the two substances. 

10. That portion of a body which being supported, the boily is supported. 

1st Grade, . . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. The weight of the air causing an upward pressure. 

2. Space devoid of all matter. 
8. Convex. 

4. Pressure depends upon the weiglit of the liquid and the height of the coluoin. 

5. The comparative weight of the air. 

G. The specific gravity of a substance shows how many times heavier it is tbau an 
equal volume of some other l)ody. 

7. Heat and the rotation of the eartii. 

8. The shorter the pendulum, the more rapid are the ^'ib^ations. 

9. A reflected sound 

10. It lowers iheboilinij point. 

143 



State of New York. 

UXIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSICS. 

1st Grade, . . . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Define matter; molecule. 10 

2. The base of an inclined plane is IG ft., and its attitude is 4 ft. A power of 

10 lb. will balance what weight resting on the inclined plane? 10 

3. Distinguish between hi'drostatics and hydraulics. 10 

4. Explain the application of convection in warming a room. 10 

5. Why does a piece of oilclotii feel colder than the carpet wlien both are sub- 

ject to the same conditions of temperature? 10 

fi. What is snow? Why is it advantageous to winter grain? 10 

7. What is an echo? 10 

8. How may a bar of soft iron be made a temporary magnet? 10 

9. State or illustrate the law of diminution in the intensity of light, by increase 

of distance. 10 

10. What causes the water to fly from a revolving grindstone? Give anotlier 

illustration of the same principle. 10 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1st Grade, _ . _ - - March 13 and 1-4, 1888. 

1. Name three functions or offices of the skin, 10 

2. Name the vessels by which the blood passes from the riglit side of the heart 

to the left. 10 

3. What danger is there in encouraging children to walk at too early an age? 10 

4. Why do alcoholic stimulants make the stomach feel wdl? Why not use 

them for that purpose? 10 

5. Of what use is the hair that grows in the nostrils? Of what use is the ear 

wax? 10 

6. Why does a hot foot-bath relieve headache? 10 

7. Describe a bull and socket joint and give two examples. 10 

8. What is the name of the poisonous element in tobacco? 10 

9. What substance in the body is harder than bone? 10 
10. What is chyle? 10 

1st Grade, May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. Define anatomy, physiology, hygiene. 10 

2. What provision has nature made for reducing the tciupcrature of the body 

and so preventing it from becoming excessively heated? 10 

3. IIow may an habitually .stooping posture injure the health? 10 

4. Describe the manner in which the bones of the skull are generally united. 10 

5. Of wiiat three parts is the cerebro-spinal system of nerves composed? 10 

144 



State of New York. 
department of public ins t itu c t j on. 

PHYSICS.— Answers. 

1st Grade, . . . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Anything that can be perceived by the senses. The smallest portion of matter 

that can exist alone. 

2. 40 lbs. 

3. Hydrostatics treats of liquids at rest. Hydraulics treats of liquids in motion. 

4. The air near the source of heat becomes heated and rises ; the upper portions of 

air descend and are in turn heated. 

5. Because of its greater power to conduct heat. 

6. Frozen vapor. As a covering, it prevents the rapid radiation of heat. 

7. A reflected sound. 

8. By passing around it a current of electricity, through a coil of insulated wire. 

9. The intensity of light decreases as the square of the distance increases. Illus- 

trations may differ. 
10. Centrifugal force. Illustrations may differ. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 

1st Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Protection, excretion, absorptiou. 

2. Pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary veins. 

3. The danger that the legs will become crooked because the bones are then so 

flexible. 

4. Because they intensify the vital action and flow of blood. Because this unnat- 

ural stimulation leads to overaction and disease. 

5. It protects the nasal cavity from dust and any other substance that might be 

drawn in with the breath. It protects the ear drum from insects. 

6. Because it causes the blood to cii'culate freely in tlie lower eitremitics and so 

relieves congestion of the blood in the brain. 

7. It consists of a socket at the end of one bone, and a ball fitting into it at the end 

of the other bone; the slioulder-joint and the hip-joint. 

8. Nicotine. 

9. The enamel of the teeth. 

10. It is the food after it has undergone the processes of digestion. 

1st Grade, ------ May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. Anatomy is a science which treats of the structure of the body; physiologv, of 

the functions of the various organs; and hygiene of the laws of health. 

2. Perspiration. 

3. It may cramp the vital organs, and curve the spine. 

4. By sutures, or irregular edges. 

5. The brain, the spinal cord, and the spinal nerves. 

145 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TION QUESTION'S. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1st Grade, --.... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

6. What ;iro bronchial tu 10 

7. Describe the corpuscles of the blood. What is the effect of alcohol upon 

them? 10 

8. Which two of the special senses does the tongue possess in a high degree of 

perfection? Are the nerve fibres near the surface of the tongue numerous 

or few? 10 

9. Of what part of the skin are the hair and nails a part or modification? 10 
10. Where is the cardiac orifice? Where is the pylorus? 10 

1st Grade, . _ . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. How are bones constructed to combine firmness and strength with lightness? 10 

2. When a muscle is in action, how does it compare with the same muscle in a 

state of relaxation, as to length? As to thickness? As to hardness? 10 

3. Wiiy is it more wearisome to stand still than to walk about? 10 

4. Name one or more provisions, in the structure of the skeleton, by which the 

body is protected from shocks and jars. 10 

5. What occasions the necessity for food? 10 

6. What process must the fat, we take as food, undergo l:)efore it can be ab- 

sorbed into the blood? Describe the process. 10 

7. Name five articles of food that are rich in albumen. 10 

8. Wliat fluid of the body has the power to dissolve albuminoid foods? In 

what condition is albumen most readily dissolved, when coagulated or 
uncoagulatedi' 10 

9. Describe some experiment which you have seen, or of which you have read, 

showing the effect of alcohol on albumen. 10 

10. How does the function of a sensitive nerve-fibre differ from that of a motor- 
fibre? 10 

1st Grade, ..... March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. What effect on the heart's action has the use of tobacco by children, or the 

excessive use of it by adults? 10 

2. Where does the saliva originate? 10 

3. In what two ways is the system benefitted by exercise in the open air? 10 

4. How is the capacity of the chest cavity affected by the contraction of the 

intercostal muscles? 10 

5. State in general terms, the office of the kidneys. 10 

C. When beef is eaten, which of the digestive fluids is principally concerned in 

dissolving or digesting it? 10 

7. Mention three places where the sense of touch is particularly keen. 10 

8. In what two ways is the process of perspiration beneficial to tlie system? 10 

9. Give two objections to having windows of a school-room in front of the 

pupils. 10 

10. Give three directions for preserving the teeth, to which the attention of 

children should be called. 10 

146 



State of New York. 
department of public instrjj gtion. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 

1st Grade, ..-..- May 4 and 5, 1888. 

6. The tubes branching off from the windpipe into the lungs. 

7. They are vcrj^ minute, disc-shaped bodies of a red color; they are shrunken V)y 

alcohol, and rendered incapable of doing their work. 

8. Touch and taste. The nerves, there, are very numerous. 

9. Of the cuticle. 

10. At the juncture of oesophagus and stomach. At the junction of duodenum or 
small intestine with the stomach. 

Ist Grade, . - . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. The outer part is hard and strong, the inner part being hollow or porous. 

2. It is shorter. It is thicker. It is harder. 

3. Because in walking, the muscles are continually changing from activity to rest, 

while in standing still, some are kept constantly contracted. 

4. There are elastic pads of cartilage between joints, the bones are curved and 

somewhat flexible. 

5. All vital action causes waste of tissue; this waste must be repaired by the nutri- 

ment of food. 

6. It must be emulsified, that is, separated into very fine particles which will thor- 

oughly mix with water, as in the case of milk. 

7. Eggs, meat, grain, milk, cheese. 

8. The gastric juice. When uncoagulated. 

9. Pour alcohol on the white of an a^g and it coagulates it. 

10. The sensitive nerve-fibre is stimulated at the outer extremity, e. g., in the skin or 
muscle, and communicates the impression inward to the spinal chord or brain ; 
while the motor-nerve acts in the opposite direction, from the nerve center out- 
ward to the muscle or skin. 

1st Grade, . - . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. It weakens the action of the heart. 

2. It is secreted from the blood, by glands located near the lower jaw. 

3. The muscles are strengthened by exercise. The blood is aerated with pure air. 

4. It is enlarged. 

5. Their office is to eliminate poisonous matter (urea) from the blood. 

6. The gastric juice. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. It eliminates poisonous matter from the blood, and assists in regulating the tem- 

perature of the body. 

9. It is injurious to the eyes. It induces the habit of leaning forward when studying, 

10. Answers may differ. 

147 



State of New York. 
uniform ex am in a tion questions. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 3, 1887. 

Note. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four examinations in this 
subject held iu 18S7 : 

1st Grade. — All questions in every subject apply to first grade licenses. 

2d Grade. — All questions iu every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, ajjply to second 
grade licenses. 

3rd Grade. — Questions printed in italics only, apply to third grade licenses. 

1. Describe the shape and fosiiion of the heart. 15 

2. What are muscles ? 10 

3. Hoic are the hones classified ? Of tchat is bone composed ? 10 

4. Name the digestive organs. 10 

5. HoiD may the teaclier 'promote the health of 2)U2Jilsf 15 

6. Give a general description of the brain. 20 

7. Mention the principal organs contained in each of the two great cavities of 

the trunk. 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . October 1, 1887. 

1. Describe three hinds of joints., and mention one of each kind. 10 

2. W7iat is the object of respiration ? Mention the jjrincipal organs of the respira- 

tory system. 10 

3. Name the bones of the shall. 10 

4. In case of a wound, how may ice determine whether the blood is flowing from a 

vein or an artery ? If from the former, where should the bandage be 

apiplied? 15 

5. What are stimulants ? What are narcotics ? Give an e.vample of each. 15 
G. Mention five hindrances to digestion. 25 
7. Locate and describe the stomacli. 15 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, _ . . - November 5, 1887. 

1. Name the organs of circulation in order, beginning irith theheart. 12 

2. Mention three causes of decay of the teeth. 12 

3. E.rplain how the blood circulates through the bones. 12 

4. Describe the effect of alcohol on the lining of the stomach. 12 

5. Dow many bones in tlie forearm? Name them. 12 

6. Give three examples of reflex action. 20 

7. Explain how an extensive burn may cause congestion of the hings. 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - December 3, 1887. 

1. Give the classification of the teeth and the number in each class for an adult. 12 

2. Are rubber overshoes a healthful covering for the feet if constantly worn f Why ? 12 

148 



State of New York. 
department of public i n s t itu c t 1 n . 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 
1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . September 3, 1887. 

1. The heart is the organ which propels the blood, and is situated just to the left of the centre 

-of the chest. It is a hollow, muscular organ, shaped like a strawberrj-, and suspended 
with the point downward. 

2. The muscles are the instruments of motion. They art composed of fine fibres or strings, held 

together by connective tissue, and bound up in smooth, silky casings of thin membrane. 

3. First, the bones of the head; second, the bones of the trunk; third, the bones of the upper 

extremities; fourth, the bones of the lower extremities. The bones are composed of ani- 
mal matter which gives toughness and elasticity, and, of mineral matter which gives hard- 
ness and stiffness. 

4. First, the mouth and salivary glands; second, the stomach; third, the pancreas; fourth, the 

liver; fifth, the intestines. 

5. By insisting upon the proper care and arrangement of the school premises. By imparting a 

knowledge of hygienic laws and directing obedience thereto. 

6. The brain, the principal organ of intelligence, is situated in the head, and is surrounded and 

protected by the bones of the skull. It is divided into tvro parts — the cerebrum or great 
brain, and the cerebellum or little brain, separated by membrane. The substance of the 
brain consists of white and gray matter. The outer surface is furrowed. It is believed 
that the cerebrum is the chief organ of the mind. 

7. The smaller cavity, the chest, contains the lungs and heart. The abdomen, the largest cavitv 

of the body, contains the stomach, liver and'kidneys. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . October 1, 1887. 

1. Immovable, — sutures of the skull, skull and upper jaw, etc. Slightly movable, — vertebra 

column. Freelj' movable, — hip, carpus, etc. 

2. To furnish oxygen to the blood, and remove carbonic acid. Lungs, larynx, trachea, bronchia, 

and air vesicles. 

3. One frontal, one occipital, two temporal, one sphenoid, two parietal, and one ethmoid. 

4. By its color, and by manner of its flow ; venous blood is dark, and flows in a steady stream ; 

arterial blood is "light, and flows in jets. Below the wound. 

5. Stimulants are substances which excite. Narcotics stupefy. Alcohol taken iu a small quan- 

tity is a stimulant; opium is a narcotic. 

6. 1. Eating too fast; 

2. Strong excitement; 

3. Great fatigue ; 

4. Mental effort; 

5. Too much liquid with food. 

7. It is a pear-shaped sac, lying obliquely across the body, immediately below the diaphraghm. 

That of an adult averages, when moderately full, twelve inches in length (transversely)^ and 
four inches in breadth (vertically;. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . _ - . November 5, 1887. 

1. The heart, the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins. 

2. Want of cleaning; breaking the enamel by biting hard substances; and cracking the enamel 

by taking into the mouth substances either very hot or very cold. 

3. The blood flows from the arteries of the periosteum into the Haversian canals of the bone, 

and, if the bone is hollow, through into the blood vessels of the marrow, then out again into 
the veins of the periosteum. 

4. Alcohol first distends the blood vessels, then hardens the membranes, and by continual use, 

finally ulcerate them. 

5. Two. The ulna and the radius. 

6. The act of walking without mental effort; playing upon musical instruments, especiallj' those 

that require the use of the fingers; the expert use of tools by skilled mechanics, etc. 
v. By closing the perspiratory glands, and thus overworking the lungs iu the effort to discharge 
through them the impurities of the body that naturally escape through the skin. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . December 3, 1887. 

1. Incisors — eight in number; canines — four in number; bicuspids — eight; and molars — 

twelve. 

2. No. They prevent perspiration by causing the moisture to accumulate instead of allowing it 

to escape as nature designs. 

149 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tion q uestions. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1st, 2d, and 3rd Grades, .... December 3, 1887. 

3. Describe the effect of alcohol upon the digestive organs and the digestite 

fluids. 12 

4. Distinguish "between carbonaceous foods and nitrogenous foods. Give examples 

of each. 12 

5. Describe and locate the tricuspid and the bictisjnd valves. 12 
G. Explain why persons after a long or severe sickness are extremely sensitive 

to a jar. 20 
7. Describe the need of ventilation and some of the causes by which the air 

in a room is polluted 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . January 7, 1888. 

1. Mention four common causes of colds. 20 

2. What artery carries dark blood, and what vein bright red blood? 20 

3. What causes vital heat? 20 

4. W'hat is meant by the expression, the right and the left heart? 20 

5. What is the difference between the material of the bones of a cliild and 

those of an adult? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . - . February, 1888. 

1. (a) Of how many parts is the vertebral column comjiosed? (b) What com- 

mon name is applied to all the parts? 20 

2. (a) Where is the spinal chord located? {b) In what part of the spinal cord 

is the gray matter? 20 

3. Explain why cleanliness of the skin is conducive to health. 20 

4. What is the office of the saliva; (a) In mastication? (b) In digestion? 20 

5. What argument would you employ to convince a man of his error, if he 

used alcoholic drinks, believing he would thereby be better able to endure 

exposure in cold weather? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 3, 1888. 

1. Describe the mucous membrane. 10 

2. Where is the larynx located? 10 

3. How are the tones of the voice modulated, as to pitch? 10 

4. What exchange of gases takes place in the lungs? 10 

5. Describe the aorta. 10 

6. Name five fluids which are agents in digesting the food. 20 

7. What fluid contains pepsin? Wliat office is performed by the pepsin? 10 

8. What effect is supposed to be produced upon the pepsin when alcohol is 

taken into the stomach? 10 

9. Describe the pia mater. 10 

150 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIGNE.— Answers. 
1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . _ - December 3, 1887. 

3. The continued use of alcohol dilates the blood vessels, hardens the membranes, and weakens 

the absorbents ; it also absorbs and retains the moisture fi'ora the digestive juices, coagu- 
lates and precipitates the pepsin, and changes the condition and power of the bile. 

4. Carbonaceous foods contain much carbon, and produce animal or vital heat in a large degree; 

the}' are less valuable as producers of tissue and muscle. Examples : Fat meat, sugar, etc. 
Nitrogenous foods mainly produce or form tissues and muscles. Examples: Cheese, lean 
meat, whites of eggs, etc. 

5. The tricuspid valve consists of three folds of membrane in the opening from the right auricle 

into the right ventricle, and the bicuspid valve of two folds of membrane in the opening 
from the left auricle into the left ventricle. These valves are so arranged that the blood 
may pass freely into the ventricles, but they close the opening if the blood sets back toward 
the auricles. 

6. The fats, tissues and cartilages that form the packing for the joints have been largely absorbed, 

and sickness has prevented their replacement by assimilation of food ; hence a lar causes a 
concussion to the bones, not observed in health. 

7. Fresh air is needed to purify the blood as it passes through the lungs, and to carry off the 

exhalations from the body. 
Air in a room is polluted by breathing, by perspiration, by lights or fires, and, in general, by 
any cause that exhausts the oiygen and generates carbonic acid gas. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . January 7, 1888. 

1. No answer required. 

2. The pulmonary artery carries dark blood from the heart to the lungs, and the pulmonary vein 

carries red blood from the lungs to the heart. 

3. The chemical action of the oxygen in the blood, upon the tissues in the capillaries. 

■1. The right auricle and right ventricle taken together are known as the right heart, i. e., the 
right side of the heart, — and the left auricle and left ventricle, as the left heart. 

5. The bones of the child have a larger proportion of cartilage to the mineral matter than have 
those of an adult. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . , February, 1888. 

1. {a) 24. (//) Vertebrne. 

2. (rt) It extends through the middle of the spinal column, (h) The inner part, 

3. It keeps the pores free from obstruction, giving free exit for excretions. 

4. (a) It softens and lubricates the food, (b) It changes starch to sugar. 

5. Though the circulation would be simulated, causing him to feel warmer at first, 

a reaction would ensue and he would suffer more from cold than if he abstained 
from the use of the stimulant. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . March 3, 1888. 

1. It is a continuation of tlie skin of a more delicate texture, lining the alimentary 

canal and all the cavities opening from it. 

2. At the upper extremity of the wind pipe. 

3. By stretching or relaxing the vocal chords. 

4. Oxygen of the air enters the blood and carbonic acid in the blood enters the air. 

5. It is the great artery that conducts the purified blood from the left ventricle of 

the heart. 

6. Saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, intestinal fluid. 

7. Tlie gastric juice. It dissolves the albuminoids of the food. 

8. It is supposed to coagulate it. 

9. It is a membrane enveloping the brain, protecting it, and distributing blood to 

the brain through its many blood vessels. 

151 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . - March 13, 1888. 

1. Why does severe physical or meutal labor immediately after eating hinder 

digestion? 20 

2. Define two of the following: plasma; fibrin; clot; serum. 20 

3. What veins are provided with valves? * 20 

4. Describe the peristaltic movement of the stomach. 20 

5. Should ice-water be taken during a meal? Wiiy? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 

1. What organs secrete (a) the saliva, (i'^) the gastric juice, (c) the bile, (d) the 

pancreatic juice? 20 

2. A child is less liable to break a bone than an old person. Why? 20 

3. Tell the use of {a) the heart, {I) the stomach, (c) the capillaries, {d) the 

trachea. 20 

4. Give two reasons why a frequent change of air in a school-room is specially 

important. 20 

5. Name three kinds of teetli in each jaw, 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . . April 7, 1888. 

1. What are the four divisions of the human heart? 20 

2. What causes the arm to move at will? 20 

3. State two reasons why too rapid eating causes indigestion. 20 

4. AVhat effect has alcohol on the temperature of the body? 20 

5. What is the usual temperature of the human body? What should be the 

temperature of a school-room? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . May 5, 1888. 

1. Describe the diaphragm. 10 

2. What is the pulse? 10 

3. What is the pupil of the eye? 10 

4. Name two reasons which a teacher might give pupils in advising them to 

bathe frequently. 10 

5. What would be good advice for a teacher of hygiene to give in reference to 

the times for eating? Give reasons for the advice. 10 

6. What gland secretes the bile? 10 

7. Describe the movement of the walls of the stomach, when containing food. 

For what purpose is the movement? 10 

8. What part of a bone is hardest? 10 

9. What beneficial purpose is served by the readiness of the blood to coaiju- 

late? ' ^ 10 

10. Does alcohol impart heat to the body? State some fact wliich you have 

observed or of wliich you have read, to prove your assertion. 10 

152 



State of New York. 
dei art me nt of p ubli c ins tltuc tion. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 
2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 13, 1 8880 

1. The blood required to stimulate the digestive organs is drawn by the physical or mental exer- 

tion, to the muscles or to the brain. 

2. Plasma,— the thin colorless liquid that comprises the great bulk of the blood. Fibrin, — an 

ingredient of the blood that hardens when the blood escapes from the veins or the arteries. 
Clot, — hardened fibrin mi.xed with corpuscles, and useful in being nature's means of .stop- 
ping hemorrhages. Serum, — a clear yellow liquid remaining after a blood clot has formed. 
. S. The larger veins that conduct blood upward when the body is in an erect position. 

4. The peristaltic movement is the peculiar churning movement caused by the contraction alter- 

nately, of the longitudinal and circular fibres of the muscle that forms one of the coats of 
the stomach. 

5. No. The low temperature of the water checks the flow of the digestive juices, and thus re- 

tards digestion. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . March, 1888, Special. 

1. (a) Salivary glands; (/<) stomach ; (c) liver; (</) pancreas. 

2. A child's bones contain a smaller proportion of lime and are not so brittle. 

S. (a) It is the central organ of the circulation, and drives the blood to all parts of the body. (J) 
In it the gastric juice dissolves the albumen, gluten, and tibrine of foods, and makes them 
fit to enter the blood, (c) They connect the arteries and veins, {d) It carries air into the 
lungs. 

4. Large number of persons present, many dirty bodies, and dirty clothing, much chalk and 

other dust, etc. 

5. The four cutting teeth in each jaw in front ai>e called incisors. The pointed teeth next back of 

the incisors are called cuspids. The next back of the cuspids are the bicuspids. The back 
teeth are called molar.-. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 7, 1888. 

1. Right auricle ; right ventricle ; left auricle; left ventricle. 

2. The contraction of a muscle, by a nervous impulse sent from the brain. 

5. From imperfect mastication, (a) sufBcient saliva is not mincled with the food; 
{]>) the food presents too little surface for the action of the gastric juices of 
tiie stomach. 

4. The tem))erature is at first raised above normal temjoerature, then lowered below. 

5. 98i». From 68= to 70°. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - - May 5, 1888. 

1. It is a muscular partition separating the cavities of the chest and abdomen. 

2. It is the blood flowing through the arteries in wavelets caused by the pulsations of the heart. 

3. The small opening in the front part of the eye, through which the light passes in. 

4. (1) It produces cleanliness, which is desirable in itself. (2) It secures a healthful activity in 

the glands of the skin. 

5. Not more than four meals a day would be advisable. Meals should be regular. If a meal is 

taken just before going to bed, it ought to be a light one. The stomach, like other organs, 
needs regular periods of rest. The stomach, like other organs, needs to be at rest during 
sleep. 

6. The liver. 

7. The muscles in the walls of the stomach, by successive contractions and relaxations, keep the 

food in constant motion, and, in this way, the digestive fluid becomes thoroughly mixed 
with the food. 

8. The outside. 

9. In case of wounds, the clotted blood stops further bleeding. 

10. No. It is related, on good authority, that Arctic explorers who use alcohol have less power 
of enduring the cold than those who abstain from its use. 

153 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ------ June, 1888. 

1. What are the lacteals? 10 

2. How is the redness of a drunkard's face caused? 10 

3. What are the best times for cleaning the teeth? Would you use warm or 

cold water? A hard or a soft brush? 10 

4. Describe the action of a muscle by which it produces motion. 10 

5. How are the bones held together at the movable joints? 10 

6. Describe connective tissue and explain its office. 10 

7. What muscular movement, necessary for respiration, is obstructed by tight 

lacing ? 10 

8. "What functions of the skin have led to its being called the "third 

lung?" 10 

9. In what season of the year do we need the greatest amount of sugar and fat 

in our food? 10 

10. In what part of the ej-e is the retina? Of what nerve is it a part? 10 
2d and 3d Grades, _ - . - August 14, 1888. 

1. What is the normal number of molar teeth in the permanent set? 10 

2. Of what use is the sense of taste aside from the pleasure it yields? 10 

3. Where is the medulla oblongata located? 10 

4. Give the number and names of the bones in the fore-arm. 10 

5. What is the proper temperature for a study-room, by the Fahrenheit ther- 

mometer? 10 

6. Describe a good way of arranging the windows of a school room for venti- 

lating the room, when there is no other means of ventilation. 10 

7. Give an ilhistration of an involuntary muscle; also give a definition of the 

term. 10 

8. What cavities in the lower jsart of the heart? 10 

9. Name five organs which are located in the cavity of the abdomen. 10 
10. Of what three parts is the ear composed? 10 
2d and 3rd Grades, ----- September 1, 1888. 

1. What name is given to the whole series of bones united together? 10 

2. When a muscle acts, what effect does it produce upon the joints between its 

ends? 10 

3. Name five articles of food tliat are rich in starch. 10 

4. Name a fluid of the body that has the power to convert starch into 

sugar. 10 

5. What important work is done by the muscular walls of the stomach while 

digestion is going on:' 10 

G. What ingredient of air is of vital im])ortance in respiration? 10 

7. When is a room well ventilated? 10 

8. What prevents the pulse from being felt in the veins? 10 

9. Describe a spinal nerve. 10 
10. What is a tonic? a stimulant? a narcotic? How could alcoliol be so admin- 
istered as to produce either of these three effects? 10 

154 



State of New York. 
department of public instrv ction. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ------ June, 1888. 

1. They are vessels which absorlj the chyle from the intestines and convey it to the 

tlioracic duct. 

2. By the capillaries of the face becoming enlarged and distended with blood. 

3. Immediately after meals; not excessively cold water; a soft brush. 

4. It contracts, becoming shorter and tiiicker. 

5. By ligaments attached to either bone. 

6. It is composed of fine, white, strong fibres; its office is to bind together the 

other tissues of the body. 

7. The muscles which raise the ribs are prevented from doing their work, because 

the constriction around the waist holds the ribs down. 

8. The functions of excretion and absorption. 

9. In winter. 

10. In the back part; it is a part of the optic nerve. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - - - - August 14, 1888. 

1. 12. 

2. We use it, to some extent, to distinguish proper from improper food. 

3. Below the brain and above the spinal cord. 

4. Two: the ulna and the radius. 

5. About 68 degrees. 

G. Raise the lower sash a few inches and insert a piece of board to fill the opening 
below ; this allows a passage of air between the sashes, which passes upwards 
instead of striking the heads of the pupils. 

7. The heart. An involuntary muscle is one which contracts and relaxes without 

the direction of the will. 

8. The ventricles. 

9. The stomach, the liver, tlie i)ancreas, the spleen, tiie kidneys, the intestines. 
10. The outer ear, the middle ear or tympanum and the inner ear or labyrinth. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - September 1, 1888. 

1. The skeleton. 

2. It may bend it, if extended, or it may extend it, if bent. 

3. Flour, corn meal, potatoes, rice, sago. 

4. The saliva. The intestinal juice. 

5. They move the food about in the stomacii and so mix it with the gastric juice, 

and drive it out of the stomach when it is properly reduced. 
0. Oxygen. 

7. When there is free ingress of fresh air and egress of the vitiated air. 

8. The capillaries so obstruct the passage as to prevent the pulse wave from extend- 

ing into the veins. 

9. It is a nerve taking its origin in the spinal cord and extending from it, to the 

right or left, to some other part of the body. 
10. A tonic is a medicine that imparts vigor to the body. A stimulant is a medicine 
that gives a (piick but transient impulse to the action of the heart. A narcotic is 
a medicine or i)oison tiiat produces insensibility to ])ain, or stupor, and in large 
doses, death In small doses, properly administered, it acts as atonic; in larger 
doses, it becomes a stimulant; in still larger over-doses, it becomes a narcotic. 

155 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 11, 1888. 

1. What is the office of the epiglottis? 10 

2. Describe the relative position of a pair of flexor and extensor muscles as to 

the joint they serve to move. 10 

3. What change must starch undergo before it can be al)Sorbed into the 

blood? 10 

4. Name an inorganic substance in food of -which the bones are largely com- 

posed. 10 

5. In what way may the teeth be used to aid the stomach and lighten its work? 10 

6. In what way does the oxygen of the air reach the blood? 10 

7. Which way is the heart (above or below, to the right or left, in front or 

beliind) from the right lung? From the diaphragm? From tlie sternum 

or breast bone? From the thoracic duct? From the stomach? 10 

8. If the body came in contact with no external impurities, would there be 

need of bathing? Why? 10 

9. Name four different organs of special sense? 10 

10. If a person drink alcoliol in sufficient quantities to cause it to act as a stim- 
ulant, will there be danger of injury to the heart and blood-vessels? Give 
the reason for your answer. I'O 

2d and 3rd Grades, - ... October 6, 1888. 

1. With wliat bone does the femur, or thigh bone articulate above? With 

what, below? 10 

2. Describe the action, respectively, of a flexor muscle and of the corresponding- 

extensor. 10 

3. What effect lias disuse, or inactivity, on a muscle? 10 

4. Name some fluid of tiie body which is capable of emulsifying the fatty part 

of the food so that it can be absorbed into the blood. 10 

5. What disease is often the result of hasty eating and insufficiently masticat- 

ing the food? ' 10 

C. In which membrane of the stomach is the gastric juice secreted? 10 

7. Why is good ventilation necessary to good health? 10 

8. Into what vessels does the blood pass after leaving the capillaries? 10 

9. AVhat part of the nervous system is included within the spinal column? 10 
10. What is the use of tlie clioroid coat of the eyeball? i 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... - November 3, 1888. 

1. In what condition must the flexor and the extensor muscle be, resi^ectively, 

to hold the limb straiglit and rigid? 10 

2. What circumstance stimulates the salivary glands to secrete the saliva 

copiously? 10 

3. "What circumstance stimulates the flow of the gastric juice? 10 

4. By what muscular action is the cavity of the chest enlarged? 10 

5. What causes the air to pass down the trachea into the lungs, when the 

cavity of the chest is enlarged? 10 

6. Why does a weak person or an invalid need more clothing than a i)er- 

sou of robust health? 10 

156 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - September 11, 1888. 

1. To prevent solid or liquid substances from entering the windpipe. 
3. The flexor is on the inside of the joint or the side toward which it bends; the 
extensor is on the opposite or outside. 

3. It must be converted to sugar, 

4. Lime. 

5. They may chew the food until it is finely masticated. 

6. It enters the lungs and then finds its way through the tissue of the air-sacs, by- 

osmose, to the capillaries of the lungs. 

7. To the left. Above. Behind. In front. Above. 

8. Yes. Because of the excretions that come from the pores of the skin. 

9. The eye, the ear, the nose, the tongue. 

10. There will be danger; because of the excessive action of the heart. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . _ . October 6, 1888. 

1. The pelvis. The tibia. 

2. The flexor contracts and bends the limb at the joint. The extensor contracts 

and extends or straightens the limb at the joint. 

3. It causes it to become soft and weak, and so, incapable of use. 

4. The pancreatic juice 

5. Dyspepsia. 

6. In the inner or lining membraite. 

7. Because good ventilation means a sufficient supply of oxygen to the blood, with- 

out which every part of the body suffers. 

8. Into the veins. 

9. The spinal chord. 

10. To absorb those rays of light which do not pass directly to the retina, so that 
they may not confuse the image by being reflected to the retina. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... November 3, 1888. 

1. They must botli be contracted. 

2. The presence of palatable food in the mouth, or even the thought of it. 

3. The presence of food in the stomach. 

4. By the contraction of the muscular fibres of the diaphragm, and the intercostal 

muscles; in the former case, the diaphragm is lowered, and in the latter case, 
the ribs arc raised. 

5. The pressure of the atmosjihcre. 

6. Because the heat of the body, called animal heat, is produced by the action, 

chemical and muscular, going on in the body; and this vital action is more 
intense in proportion to the physical strength. Hence, the greater iieat and 
less need of protection in the case of the robust jaerson. 

157 



State of New York. 
un if oem ex a mix a ti n q ue stl ns . 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . November 3, 1888. 

7. Why does the fracture of the spinal column produce paralysis? 10 

8. In what way does the action of the muscles aid the heart and lighten 

its labors? 10 

9. What effect has the presence of alcohol in large quantities in the stomach, 

on the lining membrane of the stomach, and on the flow and action of 

the gastric juice? 10 

10. Where is the organ of the voice located? What is it called? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . _ January 5, 1889. 

1. Locate the following: {<i) patella, Q)) ulna, (c) sacrum, {d) sternum, {e) oc- 

cipital bone. 10 

2. Mention three uses of the muscles. 10 

0. Name the organs of mastication and deglutition. 10 

4. What difference is there in structure between the arteries and veins? 10 

5. Mention two kinds of nerve tissue. Which is more abundant? 10 

6. Name the parts of the eye. 10 

7. Why is bathing important to health? 10 

8. Define food. 10 

9. What properties does oatmeal possess as a food? 10 
10. Mention two desirable qualities in clothing. 10 

2d and 3d Grades, ..... February 2, 1889. 

1. («) Bone is composed of what two kinds of matter ? {li) How does the 

proportion of these two kinds of matter vary from childhood to old age? 10 

2. What is necessary for the muscles in order that they may be healthy and 

well developed ? 10 

3. Where does the bile come in contact with the food in the process of di- 

gestion ? 10 

4. (a) Where should a bleeding arterv be compressed, to stop the flow of 

blood ? (&) A vein ? ' 10 

5. WHien the skin does not properly perform its work, what organ is usu- 

ally most perceptibly' affected ? 10 

6. Of what are the nails a modification ? 10 

7. {a) What is the synovial membrane ? (&) What its use ? 10 

8. What is meant by assimilation ? 10 

9. What effect has alcohol upon the gastric juice ? 10 

10. Why do children require more breathing space in proportion to their size, 

than do adults ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . March 2, 1889. 

1. What is meant by the function of an organ? 10 

2. Into how many parts is the brain divided? Name and locate the two great 

divisions. 10 

158 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.-Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . . November 3, 1888. 

7. Because injury is done to the spinal cord, which cuts off nerve communication 

between the part of the body below tlie fracture and the brain; this is paraly- 
sis. 

8. The active muscle presses the veins ramifying through it, and so forces the 

blood on its way, the valves in the veins preventing the blood from flowing 
backward. 

9. It inflames the lining of tiie stomach; this impedes the flow of gastric juice and 

so retards gastric digestion. 
10. It is located in the throat at the top of the trachea. It is called the larynx. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . January 5, 1889. 

1. (a) At the knee; (b) the larger of the two bones of the fore-arm; (c) that part of 

the spinal column which forms the posterior part of the pelvis; (d) the breast- 
bone; (e) tliat part of the skull which forms the back part of the head. 

2. To produce motion; to protect the skeleton; to hold the limbs in position. 

3. Teeth and tongue. 

4. The arteries have much stronger walls. 

5. The white and the gray matter; the white is more abundaut. 

G. Cornea, iris, pupil, aqueous humor, crystalline lens, vitreous humor, retina, 
choroid coat, sclerotic coat, and optic nerve. 

7. It keeps the pores open, thus allowing waste matter to escajie freely from the body. 

8. Any substance that supjilies material wliich renews lost tissue or .supports 

some process of life. 

9. It is rich in gluten and fat, and also contains starch and sugar. 
10. Warmth, lightness, and proper ventilation. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - - _ . February 2, 1889. 

1. (a) Animal and mineral, {h) The proportion of animal matter constantly de- 

creases, and that of mineral increases. 

2. That they should receive sufficient nourishment and be properly exercised. 

3. In the duodenum. 

4. («) At some point where it approaches the surface, between the wound aud the 

heart. (/>) At a point away from the heart, i. e., the wound should be between 
the compress and the heart. 

5. The lungs. 

6. Of the skin. 

7. («) The membrane that lines the joints. (A) It secretes a fluid that lubricates tlie 

joints to prevent friction. 

8. The converting of certain elements of the food into living tissue. 

9. It coagulates and precipitates the pepsin, one of its most efficient agents in tic 

process of digestion. 
10. Because in children the tissues are worn out faster than in adults, and conse- 
quently a greater amount proportionally of waste animal matter is thrown off 
by respiration and perspiration. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 2, 1889. 

1. Its office or work in the economy of the body. 

'2. It has two grciit divisions, and each of these consists of two parts or liemispheres. 

The great divisions are the cerebrum, situated in the front and upper part of the head; and 
the cerebellum, situated in the lower and back part of tlie head. 

159 



State of New York. 

Uj\I F li M E X A MI JVA TION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - March 2, 1889. 

3_4. (^a) Name two conditious that are uecessary iu order to keep the skin 
healthy. 
Q}) How may these conditions be attained? 20 

0. Give two causes of near sightedness, that are liable to be found in school 

work. 10 

6. Name in order, commencing with the mouth, the parts of t!ie alimentary 

canal. 10 

7. State the diflercnce in form and use between incisors and molars. 10 

8. "What are extensor muscles? Locate one. 10 

9. What is congestion? 10 
10. Give two facts in regard to the structure of the skull, that especially tit it 

to be a protection for the brain. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 12, 1889. 

1. What is dentine? 10 
3, What element in the blood seems designed to stop hemorrhage? 10 

3. What are the metacarpal bones? 10 

4. What is the common name given to the sternum? to the clavicle? to the 

scapula? 10 

5. What is the function of tiie sebaceous glands? 10 

6. {(i) How- may exercise weaken a muscle? [h) Why is change of physical 

employment restful? 10 

7. What benefits are derived from a thorough rubbing of the skin by a dry flesh 

brush or towel? 10 

8. Of what use are tears? By what secreted? What provisiou is made for 

their, escape from the eye in ordinary quantities? • 10 

9. Mention five narcotic poisons. 10 
10. Locate the aorta; the jugular veins; the portal vein; the pulmonary 

artery. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... - April 6, 1889. 

1. What is the largest gland in the body? Where located? What is its func- 

tion? 10 

2. What acts constitute respiration? What muscles are employed iu regulating 

these acts? 10 

3. What is the patella? What is its use? 10 

4. Mention three causes that quicken the circulation. 10 

5. Name the organs of the nervous system. 10 

6. What is the general effect upon the system of tlie use of alcohol? 10 

7. How is the temperature of tlie different parts of the body kept substan- 

tially e(]ual under normal conditions? 10 

8. IIow are the muscles attached to the bones which they are intended to 

move ? 10 

9. Name four conditions that tend to develop consumption. 10 

10. How may exercise relieve headache caused by over mental exertion? 10 

160 



State of New York. 
b epa n tmen t f p ub li g ins tr u c ti n. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 
2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 2, 1889. 

3-4. (a) That the glands of the skiu be kept opea ; that the blood be kept circulating freelj in 
it; that the air have access to it. (Any two of the foregoing.) 
(h) By keeping the skiu clean ; by exercise or by friction ; by wearing loose clothing. 

5. Too great or long-continued use of the eyes; poor light; a habitual stooping posture when 
studying. 

(5. The mouth, the throat, the oesophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, and the large 
intestine. 

7. The incisors are sharp, chisel-shaped teeth used to cut off portions of food; the molars are 
broad and flat on top, and are used for crushing, or grinding the food. 

S. Muscles whose functions are to straighten or extend joints. Ex., The muscle on the back of 
the arm that straightens the elbow joint. 

9. An unnatural accumulation of blood in the vessels of a part or organ. 

]0. The skull is composed of two compact plates or layers of bone with a spongy substance 
between them, and it is in several parts or pieces joined by notched edges or sutures — these 
conditions of structure tending to break the force of any concussion. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . March 12, 1889. 

1. It is the bony matter of which the greater part of a tooth is composed. 

2. Fibrin. 

3. The bones of the hanrl, i. e., the bones beyond the wrist. 

4. Breast bone. Collar bone. Shoulder blade. 

5. To oil the skin and hair, keeping them soft and pliable. 

6. By being too violent, too spasmodic, or too long continued. Because other sets 

of muscles are put in use, and the sets ordinarily used, have rest. 

7. The circulation of the blood in the skin is quickened, the worn out scales of the 

cuticle and the excretions from perspiration are removed. 

8. To moisten and clean the surface of the eye. By the lachrymal gland situated in 

the upper and outer part of the eye socket. The nasal duct situated at the 
inner angle of the eye, carries, them into the nose. 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. The aorta in its downward course is in the back part of the chest and abdomen, 
just in front of the spinal column. The jugular veins are on each side of the 
neck and carry the blood from the head. The portal vein is in the right side 
of the abdomen and connects veins of the stomach and intestines with the 
liver. The pulmonary artery extends from the right ventricle to the lungs. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - . April 6, 1889. 

1. The liver. On the right side below the diaphragm. Its known function is to 

secrete the bile. 

2. Inhalation and exhalation. Tlie diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. 

3. The knee pan, i. e., a heart-shaped bone in front of the knee joint. Its use is to 

change the direction of the force exerted by the muscles that straighten the 

knee joint. 
-1. Answers may differ. 

5. The brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves. ^ 

G. The necessary conditions of waste and repair are partially checked. 

7. By the constant circulation of the blood. 

8. By tendons. 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. By drawing a part of the blood from the brain to other portions of the body. 

161 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TION Q UES 7^ IONS. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . May 4, 1889. 

1. What matter in the composition of bones gives them toughness and 

elasticity? 10 

2. Mention three qualities of muscle that it should be the aim of training to 

secure. 10 

3. State some means by Avhicb nature purifies the air. 10 

4. Give two uses of the fatty substances of the body. 10 

5. Where are the muscles that move the fingers located? 10 

6. Why does the skin become red with exercise? How is it cooled? 10 

7. How may a chill resulting from bathing be prevented? 10 

8. Of what tissue is the heart composed? How is it nourished? 10 

9. Why is severe mental labor liable to induce cold feet? 10 
10. Why is the warmth of the fire more apparent to the palm tlian to the out- 
side of the hand? 10 



SCHOOL LAW. 



1st Grade, ...... September 3, 1887. 

1. State three ways in which a teacher may be licensed. 20 

2. Mention the legal holidays in this State. 20 

3. Is a teacher authorized to hold religious exercises during school hours? 20 

4. Has the teacher authority to expel a pupil? To suspend? 20 

5. What legal remedy has a teacher against an}' person who creates a willful 

disturbance during school hours? 20 

1st Grade, ...... October 1, 1887. 

1. May a district change from one to three trustees? 20 

2. What authority has a teacher to inflict corporal punishment? 20 

3. What does the law require of a teacher before he can make a legal contract 

to teach a common school? 20 

4. In whom is the authority vested to regulate the attendance of pupils, tlie 

course of study, and the selection of text-books? 20 

5. How frequently does the law provide that the compensation of teachers shall 

become due aud payable? 20 

1st Grade, ------ November 5, 1887. 

1. What vacancies in office may the trustee of a school district fill by appoint- 

ment? 20 

2. What authority has a teacher over pupils on tlie way to and from school? 20 

3. Upon what basis is the public school fund apportioned {a) to the counties 

of the State? (&) To the several school districts of a county? 20 

162 



State of New York. 
department of public ixstructton. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - May 4, 1889. 

1. The animal matter. 

2. Strength, endurance, and mobility. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. Answers maj^ differ. 

5. lu the forearm. 

6. Because of the unusual amount of blood circulating througli it. By perspiration. 

7. By securing a prompt reaction of the blood to the surface of tlie body, as by 

friction. 

8. It is of muscular tissue. By blood circulating through it, as in other muscles, 

and reaching its walls through the coronary artery. 

9. Because mental effort, if long continued, calls an undue amount of blood to the 

brain from the other parts of the body. 

10. Because the sensory nerves are so much more abundant iu the jialni than in the 
back of the hand. 



SCHOOL LAW.— Answers. 
1st Grade, ..-.-- September 3, 1887. 

1. By State Superintendent of Public Instrnction; by school commissioners, or other officers 

with similar functions; by obtaining a diploma from a State normal school. 

2. January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, first Monday in September, December 25, any general 

election day in this State, every Saturday afternoon and Thanksgiving day. 

3. A teacher has no authority to insist upon religious exercises of any kind. 

4. No. Yes; the teacher may suspend for the day, or long enough for consultation with trustees. 

5. He may enter complaint against such offender before any justice of the peace of the county, 

or the mayor or any alderman, recorder or other magistrate of the city, wherein the offense 
was committed. 

1st Grade, ..-.-. October 1, 1887. 

1. Yes. 

2. The same authority that a parent has. 

3. It requires him to have an unexpired license. 

4. In trustees and boards of education. 

5. As often as the end of each calendar month of the term of .employment. 

1st Grade, ------ November 5, 1887. 

1. District clerk; district librarian ; and district collector. 

2. None. 

3. (a) The number of schools taught b}' duly licensed teachers for the prescribed term of twenty- 

eight weeks, and upon the population as shown bj' the last census. (6) The number of 
teachers employed for at least twenty-eight weeks in the preceding school year, the number 
of children of school age residing in the district on the 30th day of June, preceding, and the 
average attendance of resident pupils at the district school during the preceding school 
year. 

163 



State ok New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TION Q VESTIOXS. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

1st Grade, . . . . . November 5, 1887. 

4. What relatives is a trustee prohibited from hiring as teachers? 20 

5. What power has the trustee of a school district to purchase globes, maps, 

and other school apparatus for the use of the school without the vote of 
the district? 20 

1st Grade, ------ December 3, 1887. 

1. (a) What notice to voters is necessary in calling a special school meeting? 

Qi) What matters can be legally acted upon at sucli meeting? 20 

2. («) How may a school district change from three trustees to one? {b) From 

one trustee to three? 20 

3. Has a trustee, or a board of trustees, the power to allow the use of the 

school-house for religious meetings against the wisli of the district? 20 

4. How many days must elapse between the voting of a tax by a district 

meeting and the delivery of the tax-list and warrant to the collector? 20 

5. Can a teacher make up lost time by teaching on a holiday? 20 

1st Grade, . . . - - March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Who is at the head of the school affairs of the State? Of the county? Of 

the school district? Of the school-room? 20 

2. State briefly the provisions of the law of 1887 relative to the employment 

and pay of teachers. 20 

3. What is the salary of a school commissioner? How may it be increased? 20 

4. State within what degree of relationship is a trustee prohibited from em- 

ploying a teacher, except by vote of a district meeting. 20 

5. State the provisions of the new law in respect to school out-buildings. 20 



1st Grade, ------ May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. How can a common school district change from three trustees to one? 20 

2. (rt) What officers apportion the public moneys among the school districts? 

Q)) Upon what oflicer docs the trustee draw orders to pay teachers that 
money? 20 

o. For what officers may women vote in this State? 20 

4. For what term of olRce is a sole trustee elected? The several trustees, when 

a district changes from one trustee to three? Each of three trustees after 

a first election of three trustees by a district? 20 

5. What is the ruling of the Department of Public Instruction in regard to the 

teacher's authority over pupils on the Avay to and from school? 20 

164 



State of New York. 
derabtmext f p ub l 1 c i xs t ru c t i ox. 

SCHOOL LAW.— Answers. 
1st Grade, --_... November 5, 1887. 

4. Relatives within the second degree, either by blood or by marriage, viz. : father, mother, 
grandfather, grandmother, son, daughter, grandson, granddaughter, brother, or sister. 

6. He has power to expend for such purpose sums not to e.xceed fifteen dollars in any one school 
y ear. ^ 

1st Grade, -.-... December 3, 1887. 

1. (rt) A notice specifying when and for what purpose tlie meeting is called, to be 

given to each voter personally, or to be left at his place of residence if he can- 
not be found, at least five days before tiie time designated for tiie meeting; 
(l>) only tiiose fully set fortli in the notice. 

2. {a) By resolution adopted by a majority vote at an annual school meeting; {h) by 

a resolution adopted by a two-third vote at an annual school meeting. 

3. A sole trustee has that power, and a board of trustees has that power if no one 

of its members dissents. 

4. Thirty days. 

5. He can if he have the consent of the trustees thereto; otherwise he cannot. 

1st Grade, - . _ . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. State Superintendent. School commissioner. Trustee. Teacher. 

2. The trustee must give the teacher a written minute of tlie terms agreed on, 

signed by trustee ; the ])ay of teacher shall be due and payable at least as 
often as at the end of each calendar month. 

3. The salary is $1,000, with $200 audited by supervisors for expense. By board 

of supervisors. 

4. Second. 

5. See the law in the school reifister. 



1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. By adopting, at an annual meeting, by a majority vote, a resolution that the 

district change from three trustees to one, and afterward dispensing with the 
election of a trustee until the trustees then in office vacate tlieir office by 
reason of expiration of term for which they were elected, or otherwise. 

2. (rt) The school commissioners. {}>) The supervisor. 

3. School district officers. * 

4. One year. One for one year, one for two years, and one for three years. Three 

years. 

5. The teaclier has no legal control over the pupil before reaching the school 

premises, or after leaving tliem upon dismissal. 

165 



State of New York. 

UNIF ORM EXAMIXATIOXQUESTIO XS. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

1st Grade, .... - August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. How may a trustee be legally autliorized to employ a teacher wlio is within 

the second degree of relationship? 10 

2. In addition to being a resident of the district and of full age, what are the 

qualirications, any one of which entitles a person to vote at a district 
meeti^? 10 

3. Where does the law direct that the boundaries of school districts shall be 

recorded? 10 

4. "Who are authorized to fix the rate of tuition for non-resident pupils? 10 

5. "What schools only are exempt from tlie provisions of the law requiring 

schools to be closed during the session of a teachers' institute:' 10 

6. "What officer has power to remove a trustee or member of a board of educa- 

tion from office, for cause? 10 

7. Who is legally responsible for the safe-keeping of the school register? 10 

8. What officer has authority to create a new school district? 10 

9. When is the beginning and when the close of the school year? 10 
10. What is the time for holding the annual school meeting? 10 

1st Grade, ..... March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. (rt) Who is the Superintendent of Public Instruction elect? (&) What is the 

length of his term of office? (c) When was he elected? (d) How was 

he elected? 10 

2. Give three causes for which a school commissioner may annul a teacher's 

certificate. 10 

3. What is a joint school district? 10 

4. Under the supervision of what school commissioner is the school in a joint 

school district? 10 

5-6. (rt) What is the least time that a public school must be taught each school 
year, to entitle it to share in the public school moneys? (i) What days 
upon which school is not actually taught may be taken as part of such 
time? ' " 20 

7. Who is responsible for the safe keeping of the school register during the 

term of school? 10 

8. What defines and limits the business that may be brought before a special 

school meeting? 10 

9. How long a time must a teacher have taught, to be eligible to a certificate 

of the second grade? To one of the first grade? 10 

10. What is the regulation of the Department of Public Instruction in regard to 

the endorsing of teachers' certificates, by school commissioners? 10 

166 



State of New York. 
department of public instruotion. 

SCHOOL LAW.— Answers. 

1st Grade, . . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. By a two-thirds vote of au annual meeting or of a special meeting called for 

that purpose. 
3. First,— being entitled to hold real estate under the laws of New York and either 
owning or renting real estate subject to taxation in the district. 

Second, — being a citizen and assessed upon the last completed assessment 
roll of the town, for personal property in a sum not less than fifty dollars. 

Third,-- being a citizen and the parent or guardian of a child of school age 
who has attended the district school at least eight weeks during the preced- 
ing school year and who still resides with such parent or guardian. 

3. In the office of the town clerk of the town or towns in which the district is 

situated. 

4. Trustees and boards of education. 

5. The schools of incorporated cities. 

G. The Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

7. The teacher. 

8. The school commissioner. 

9. The school year begins August 21st and ends August 20th. 

10. The last Tuesday in August and at 7:00 p. m. if no other hour has been fixed 
by the district, 

1st Grade, . - . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. (rt) Andrew S. Draper, (h) Three years. (c) February 14, 1889. (<Z) By joint 
ballot of the Senate and Assembly. 

3. For immoral conduct, for lack of ability to govern and instruct a school, for 
lack of educational qualifications as shown by re-exaraination upon failure in 
the work of teaching, for fraud or collusion at examination, etc. 

3. A district that is situated in, i. e., embraces part of, — two or more commissioner 

districts. 

4. Under the supervision of the school commissioner in whose district the school- 

house is situated. 

5-6. {a) Twenty-eight weeks, il) Legal holidays occurring upon regular school 
days of said term, and time spent by the teacher in attendance upon a teachers' 
institute, not to exceed three weeks of said term. 

7. The teacher. 

8. The regular call for the special meeting. 

9. To be eligible to a certificate of t]ie second grade, — one term of at least twelve 

weeks. To one of the first grade, — at least two years. 

10. Commissioners' certificates of either the first grade or the second grade may be 
endorsed by other commissioners, and thus be made valid for their respective 
commissioner districts. 

167 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
QUESTIONS USED IN EXAMINATIONS FOK STATE SCHOLARSHIPS 

AT 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

(Tex cuedits allowed for each correct answer, and a proportionately less number as answer 
approximates correctness.) 

ALGEBRA. 

June 4, 1887. 

1. Factor as fully as possible : — l^n^:rjf-\-M a"bxhf — B¥x^y. 

2. Factor .r^ — 1/\ 

3. Expand («—&•*). 

4. Prove that a quantity with a negative exponent is equal to the reciprocal of tlie 

same quantity with an equal positive exponent. 

5. The difference of two numbers is 15, and half their product is equal to the cube 

of tlie less. What are the numbers? 

June 2, 1888. 

Give all the important steps of the reasoning and work. Write plainly, and arrange everything 
clearly, witliout crowding. 

1. {a) Describe the two uses or meanings of the sign — in Algebra. 
(5) Explain that (—3) x (—3) = 6. 

(c) Explain that «■* x (i^ = a'. 

2. Divide 

1 by 1 — 2.? + 4.r-, finding four terms in the quotient. 

3. {a) Resolve the following quantities into their prime factors, (h) Select the 

factors tliat compose their L. C. M., and {e) that compose their H. C. F. 

(or G. C. D.) 
3a;2_C,p-|_3. 
6.r^+6.i"— 12. 
13.I'-— 12. 

4. Solve and verify the following problem : 

For liuilding 108 rods of stone wall, six days less would have been required, 
if three rods more a day had been built. How many rods a day were 
built? 

5. Form the equation whose roots are 6, — 3, 



168 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
QUESTIONS USED IN EXAMINATIONS FOR STATE SCHOLARSHIPS AT 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

ALGEBRA.— Answers. 

June 4, 1887. 

1. —2xy {3a-i/ — 2bx") (dahj — 2bx-). 

2. (x — y) (a;-' + x^y -f- x^y- + xy^ + y*). 

3. (a — by = a^ — ia^ + Qa^-b'^ — 4:a¥ + b\ 

a' 

4. - = a^-'=a-\ 



/ a^ a. a- 

5. Three the less; eighteen the greater. 



June 2, 1888. 

1. {(t) To denote subtraction. To denote that the quantity to wliich it is prefixed 
is of a nature opposite to that of a (quantity with tlie sign +. 
{b) (— 2) X (— 3) = — (— 3) — (— 3) = + 3 + 3 = + G. 
\c) (1^ X a^ = aaaa x acKt == aaaaaan = a'. 

or, tlie above maj' be given in words., 
\ — 2x + 4x- 



1 

1 — 2* + 4j;« 



1 + 2.?- — %x' — 16x< 



'ix — 4.r- 

2x — 4*'2 + ^3fi 

— 8.r^ 

- 8a-« + \&x^ — 32.7^ 

— 16a;^ + 32.r5 

— 16ar^ + 32.z;° — 64x« 

+ 64z'« 
(a) 3x« — 6a; + 3 = 3 (a; — 1)-^ 

G.c-^ + 6a:— 12= 3x2 (.r+2) (.c - 1) 
12a;' — 12 = 3x2'^ {x + 1) (a- — 1). 
(&) 2« . 3 . (.r - 1)2 (a-^- 1) (a;+2) = L. C. M. 
(c) 3 (x - 1) = H. C. F. 

108 
Let X = number of rods built a day. Then = number of days. 

108 _ 108 



a; + 3 

108a; = lOSx + 324 — Oa-^ — 18a; 
6x» + 18.C = 324 
a;2 + 3a; = 54 
a-2 + 3a; + I = -^^ 
x + l = ± -t/- 
a' = — 9 or + 6. 
Verification : The negative answer is excluded by the nature of the problem. 

108 

—r. = 18, number of days. 

108 
-^ n = 12, number of days at 3 rods more a day. 

18 — 12 ^ G, number of days less. 
5. (,r — G) (a; + 3)==0 (1) 
a;'— 3a; -18 = (2) 

a;' — 3x = 18 (3) Any one of the three forms is correct. 

169 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

ALGEBRA. 

June 1, 1889. 

Give all the important steps of the reasoning and work. Write plainly, aud arrange everything 
clearly, without crowding. 

1. Show (a) the vahie of ««; (h) that ^ = n-\ * 10 

a. Find the least common multiple of a- — x^, 4 (« — a;), and « + .?■. Iq 

3. Given -^— -|- 6y == 21, and —w- + 5x = 23 to find values of x and y. 10 

4. Expand {a^—hy by the binomial theorem. 10 

5. Extract the square root of .cH — 2.c>i r/'i -f ifi. 10 



ARITHMETIC. 



June 4, 1887, 

1. Distinguish between arithmetic as a science and as an art. 

3. With f for a dividend and f for a divisor, prove that the quotient equals the 
product of the dividend multiplied by the reciprocal of the divisor. 

3. Prove that the greatest common divisor of any given numbers is the product 
of all their common prime factors. 



4. Find the cost of the flooring for a building 24 by 67 feet, the building be- 

ing 3 stories high and the flooring U inches thick, at $18.75 per M. 

5. Find the proceeds of a bankable note for $500 at four months, when dis- 

counted at six per cent. 



Jvmo 2, 1888. 



8i X tV 



3i-^ 



1. Reduce the fraction -rV of -1- ' f of 7 






170 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OFPUBLIO INSTRUCTION. 
QUESTIONS USED IN EXAMINATIONS FOR STATE SCHOLARSHIPS AT 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 



ALGEBRA.— Answers. 



June 1, 1889. 

1. None required. 
3. 4 {ci' — x^). 

3. X = 4. y = 3. 

4. a^ — 3a- I + 3a5- — l^. 

5. X^i — yH or y '3 — .fJa, 



ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

June 4, 1887- 

1. As a Science arithmetic investigates, classifies and arranges tlie principles and 
rules of the subjec ; as an Art, it applies the principles^ind ruL for compu 
tatious to the practical affairs of life. compu- 



1 
1 -^ 



\ = 1 X 1^ = 4, reciprocal of \. 
| = lxfxi = |, reciprocal of 4. 
X = ^ X # = 4A 
f = |xfxi = fx(fxi) = 



a. The greatest common divisor of any given numbers is their greatest common 
factor. This greatest common factor must be either a prime^ or a comport" 
number. If prime, it is the greatest common prime factor of all the o-iveu 
numbers; and if composite, it is the product of prime factors found in the 
, given numbers. These prime factors must be common to all the aiveu num 
bers and must be all the prime factors common to those numbers 
67 sq. ft. X 3 X li x 24 = 7,236 sq. ft. of floorinf^ 
7,236 sq. ft. = 7.236 M ft. ° 

118.75 X 7.2.36 = $135.67i, cost of flooring. 
4 mo., 3 da. == 4.1 mo. = .0205, rate of discount. 
.0205, rate, = $.0205, discount on $1. 
$1 — $.0205 = .f .9795, proceeds of $1. 
$.9795 X 500 = $489.75, proceeds of note. 



4. 



5. 



June 2, 1888. 



8i 
tV 

J 1 9 
.8 16 



tV = 



3i 



1 1 9 



of ^ = 



X s-s- = 



63 



V 



35 

816 

_ 44 

— "R^ 

■12 8 5 2 _ 170 
^TIT^ = 17^ 



69 7 
171 



Ans. 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
QUESTIONS USED IN EXAMINATIONS FOR STATE SCHOLARSHIPS AT 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

ARITHMETIC. 

June 2, 1888. 

2. Divide | by 2.5, to the quotient add the divisor, and from that sum sub- 

tract the dividend. Give the fractional part of the answer in a decimal. 

3. Find the prime factors of 20930. 

4. A rectangular field containing 1\ acres is 30 rods wide. How much will it 

cost to build a fence from one corner to the diagonally opposite corner 

at $2 a rod ? 

5. If tlie interest on $300 for 1 y. 8 m, be $36, find what would be the interest 

on $212.50 for 3 y. 4 m. 24 d. at the same rate per cent. 



June 1, 1889. 

1. Define notation ; numeration. 

Write with figures two million, forty-three thousand, eighty. Write in 
words 60,030,016. 10 

2. Reduce .0468 T. to a compound number. 10 

3. Divide 87f by -^^ of 25|i. 10 

4. Find the amount of $635 from Nov. 13, 1888, to June 6, 1889, interest at 5^ 

per annum. 10 

5. Required the cost of three 16-foot boards each 17 inches wide at one end 

and 14 inches at the other, at $23 per M. 10 



GEOGRAPHY. 
June 4, 1887. 

1. Through what bodies and streams of water do the bounding lines of New- 

York State pass? 

2. Bound your own county by other counties. 

3. Describe the Hudson river, stating {a) where it rises; Qi) in what direction 

it flows ; (c) into what it flows. 

4. Name the five Great Lakes of North America, giving the outlet of each. 

5. Locate each of the following cities, and state for what each is noted : New 

York, Washington, London, St. Petersburg, and Rome. 

172 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

CORNELL UNIVEESITY. 



ARITHMETIC— Answers. 



June 2, 1888. 



3. -i- = .«75 

.875 -=- 2.5 = .35 

.35 + 3.5 - .875 = 1.975. 

3. 2)20930 

5)10465 

7)2093 

13 )299 
23 
Factors, 3, 5, 7, 13, 23. 

4. 7^ acres = 1,200 square rods. 

1,200 -^ 30 = 40 == lengtli. 

|/30-^ + 40^ = 50 = length of diagonal. 

$2 X 50 = $100 = cost. 

5. The rate per cent per annum not varying, the interest will vary as the base and 

also as the time. Hence, 

212.50, 3y. 4m. 24d. „„ 2125 408 „ „ ^^^ „„ ^o dsrro a-> * 

X -^^— — — — — X 36 = X — X 6 == 2.125 X 28.48=$52.03. Ans. 

300.00 ly. 8m. Od. 1000 100 

June 1, 1889. 

1. Notation is the process of writing or expressing numbers by characters. 
Numeration is the process of reading numbers expressed by characters. 
2,043,080. 
Sixty million, thirty thousand, sixteen. 

3. 93 lbs. 9.6 oz. 

3 4.6 6 1 

4. $653.90. 

5. $1,426 +, in practice, $1.43. 



GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 
June 4, 1887. 

1. They pass through Lakes Erie, Ontario and Champlain, and Long Island Sound, and through 

the Niagara, St. Lawrence, Pouhney, Hudson and Delaware rivers. 

2. (This question can only be answered by knowing in what county the examined person lives.) 

3. The Hudson river (a) rises in the Adirondack mouutains, {h) takes a southerly course, and (c) 

flows into New York bay. 

4. They are Lake Superior with its outlet, St. Mary's river; Lake Michigan, outlet Mackinaw strait; 

Lake Huron, outlet St. Clair river; Lake Erie, outlet Niagara river; and Lake Ontario, 
outlet St. Lawrence river. 

5. New York is located on the Hudson and East rivers, and is the metropolis of the Western 

Continent. Washington on the Potomac river is the capital of the United States. London 
on the Thames is the largest city in the world. St. Petersburg on the Neva river is the 
metropolis of Russia, and Rome on the Tiber river is the home of the Pope, the head of the 
Roman Catholic church. 

173 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

June 2, 1888. 

1. In what points is New York the leading State in the Union? 

2. Draw an outline map of New York, number the parallels that form the northern 

and the southern boundaries, and locate Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse and 
Albany. 

3. Name the principal city in the southern part of the United States, in the western 

part, on the great lakes, and the twin cities in the northern part. 

4. Name (a) the principal possessions of the British Empire, and (l>) three of its 

important military outposts. 

5. Trace the short route for vessels from England to Australia. 

June 1, 1889. 

1. E.\'plain wjiy Ireland is called the "Emerald Isle." 

2. Name four large rivers of Europe ; state where each rises, in what direction it 

flows, and into what body of water it flows. 

3. Locate Vancouver island, and name its capital and metropolis. 

4. Locate two great river basins of Nortli America ; name the principal river of each 

with at least two of its tributaries. 

5. Draw an outline map of New York, showing the drainage system of the entire 

State, including principal rivers, lakes and mountains. 



GEOMETRY. 
June 4, 1887. 

Note. — Draw diagrams, for refereuce in all demonstratious. 

1. Draw and define («) a circumference; (&) a diameter; {r) a radius; {d) an arc; 

(e) a chord; (/) a tangent. 

2. Prove that the sum of the angles of any right-line plane triangle equals two 

right angles. 

3. When any two angles of any plane triangle are given, how is the third angle 

found ? 

4. Prove that the side of an inscribed hexagon equals the radius of the circum- 

scribing circle. 

5. Deduce a rule for finding the area of a circle. 

174 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 
questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 
^ COENELL UNIVERSITY. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

June 2, 1888. 

1. Population, wealth, commerce, manufactures. 

2. Parallels 42° and 45°. 

3. New Orleans, San Francisco, Chicago, Minneapolis and St. Paul. 

4. The British Isles, British America, Cape Colony, Australia, Hindoostan, British 

Guiana. Gibraltar, Malta, Aden, Cyprus, Halifax. 

5. Altantic ocean. Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterrfinean sea, Suez canal, Red sea, Gulf 

of Aden, Arabian sea, Indian ocean. 

June 1, 1889. 

1. The influence of the Gulf stream makes its climate warm and moist, so that its 

fields are fresh and green during the entire year. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. It is in the soutli-western part of British America. Its capital and metropolis is 

Victoria. 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. Answers may differ. 



GEOMETRY.— Answers. 



June 4, 1887. 

1. Answer unnecessary. 

2. Prove, 1st. That if a side of a triangle be produced, the exterior angle thus formed equals 

the sum of the two oi)posite interior angles ; and 2d. That the sum of the exterior angle 
and the adjacent interior angle equals (a) two right angles; and (4) the sum of the angles 
of the triangle. 

3. By subtracting the sum of the given angles from 180°, i. e., from two right angles. 

4. Prove, 1st. That if a regular hexagon be divided into triangles by lines from the center to each 

angle of the hexagon, the angles at the center are eacli equal to 60°, and that the sum of 
the two remaining angles in each triangle so formed is 120"; and 2d. That each triangle is 
isosceles, and that the angles opposite the equal sides are each (50°. 

5. Prove, 1st. That the area of a regular polj-gon equals one-half its perimeter multiplied by the 

altitude of one of the equal triangles that compose the polygon ; and 2d. That when the 
sides of the polygon are increased indefinitely, its perimeter will coincide with the periphery 
of the circumscribed circle, and the altitude of each of its equal triangles with the radius of 
the circle. 

175 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

GEOMETRY. 
June 2, 1888. 

Arranged in about the order of difficulty and importance. Credit is given for completeness and 
intelligence of answers, conclusiveness of reasoning, and accuracy of diagrams. 

1. Prove tliat if two angles of a triangle are unequal, the side opposite the greater 
angle is the greater. 

3. An exterior angle of a regular polygon is two-fifths of a right angle; how many 
sides has the polygon? Give full solution. 

3. Prove that the diagonals of a paralleiogram bisect each other. 



176 




State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

GEOMETRY.— Answers. 

June 2, 1888. 

1. In the triangle A B C let angle B be greater than 

angle A. We are to prove A C greater than 
BC. 

Draw B D, making angle D B A = angle 

A. 

Then A D = B D. A B 

(If two angles of triangle are equal, the sides opposite them are equal.) 
' DB-fDC>BC. 

Substitute for D B its equal A D. 

AD + DOBC. 

or A C > B C. 

2. Ten sides. 

1st solution. — The exterior angles being equal and together equal to 4 rt. 

angles, ?i | = 4. 

,i = 4 -J- f = 10. 
2d solution. — If exterior angle == | rt. angle, an interior angle = f rt. angle. 

2ji^-4_, 

10 71 — 20 = 8 H. 
3 re = 20. 
re =10. 

3. Let A B C N be a parallelogram, and A_ 

let the diagonals cut each other at 
X, we are to prove N X = B X and 
A X = X C. 
In the triangles A X B and N X C, 
A B ^ N C (being opposite sides 
of a parallelogram), angle X N C 
= angle X B A, and angle X C N 
= angle X A B. ' N C 

(When two parallel lines are cut by a third line, the alternate interior angles are 
equal.) 

.-. The triangles A X B and N X C are equal (having a side and two adj. 
angles of one equal respectively to a side and two adj. angles of the 
other). 
Therefore A X = X C and N X = X B (being homologous sides of equal 
triangles). 

177 




State of New York. 

depar tment of public instruction. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

GEOMETRY. 

June 2, 1888. 

4. If, in a angle ABC, the bisector of the angle BAG meet the opposite side in a 

point D, — prove that AB : AC :: BD : DC. 

5. Find the area of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle whose radius is eight 

feet. (Carry work in two places of decimals.) 



June 1, 1889. 

1. Illustrate by figure (a) circumference; (?>) arc; (c) chord; (d) diameter; (e) radius; 

(/) tangent; (g) secant. 

2. When is a circle said to be circumscribed about a polygon? 

3. Prove that the sum of the angles of a plane triangle is 180°. 

4. Prove that an angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. 



178 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
QUESTIONS USED IN EXAMINATIONS FOR STATE SCHOLARSHIPS AT 

COENELL UNIVERSITY. 

GEOMETRY.— Answers. 

June 2, 1888. 

4. Draw C E parallel to D A meeting B A produced in the point E ; 

•. • the line B A E meets the parallels A D, C E in the 

points A, E 
.-. Z B A D= Z BE C 
and •.• the line A C meets the parallels A D, 

C E in the points A, C 
.-. ZDAC=ZACE 
but Z B A D = Z D A C by con- 
struction ; A 
. •. Z B E C = Z A C E, 
. •. A A C E is isosceles, 
. •. side A E = side A C. 
Now the triangle B E C 
is cut by a line 
A D parallel to 
a side C E. 
.-. BA:AE = BD:DC, 
but A E = A C 
.-. AB:AC = BD: DC ** 

5. As a side of a reg. insc. hexagon equals radius, to find apothem is to find the 

altitude of an equilateral triangle, whose sides are each 8 feet. Denoting 
apothem by p, jj^ = 8'^ — 4- = 48 
^, = 6.93 — 

Area = ?2lii:^^:i!^ = 106.32 -ft. 
166 -h ft. Aus. 




June 1, 1889. 

1. No answer need be given here. 

2. When the circumference of the circle includes the apex of every angle of the 

polygon. 

3. Steps in construction : A D 

I. Draw triangle, as A B C. 
II. Produce line BC, asCE. 
III. Draw C D parallel to B A. 
Steps in proof : 
I. Angle B equals angle D C E. 
II. Angle A equals angle A C D. 
III. Sum of angles B, A, and A CD equals sum of angles A C B, A CD, and 
DCE, equals two right angles, equals 180°. 

4. Steps in proof: 

I. Angle B is measured by one-half the subtended arc 

C A. 

Al^ ^C 




n. 



Arc C A is one-half the circumference, or 180% 
and one-half of 180° is 90°, or the measure of a 
right angle. 



179 



State of New York. 

department of public inst ruc ti on. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

COKNELL UNIVEKSITY. 



GEOMETRY. 



June 1, 1889. 



5. Construct a regular circumscribed hexagon, and give the steps in its construc- 
tion. 



GRAMMAR. 
June 4, 1887. 

1. Write a sentence containing a clause or proposition used adverbially. 

2. Write a sentence liaving a infinitive used as an object of a transitive verb. 

3. Analyze (using any recognized system) the following sentence: That landscape 

which fills the traveler with rapture is regarded with indifference by him who 
sees it every day from liis window. 

4. Parse the word hrklge in the following sentence: He ordered the bridge to be 

broken down. 

5. Parse the words loriting and letters in the sentence : He is engaged in writing 

letters. 

June 2, 1888. 

1. Analyze the following sentence: 

When the last sunshine of expiring day 
111 summer's twilight weeps itself away, 
Who hath not felt the aqftness of the hour 
Sink on the heart, as deio along the Hower? 

2. Parse the italicized words. 

3. Why are certain forms of the verb called principal parts? Illustrate. 

4. Name different uses of it, there and that. Illustrate by sentences. 

5. Correct the following sentences: 

The teaclier told every boy to bring their books. 
New York is larger than any city of the United States. 

180 



State -of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
QUESTIONS USED IN EXAMINATIONS FOR STATE SCHOLARSHIPS AT 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 



GEOMETRY.— Answers. 



June 1, 1889. 



5. Steps in coustruction : 

I. With radius of circle for a chord, construct regu- b 

lar inscribed hexagon ABC D E F. 
II. Draw tangent to circle and parallel to sides of 
inscribed liexagon, to points of intersection by 
radii produced, the sides of the required circum 
scribed hexagon a b c d e f . 




GRAMMAR.— Answers. 
June 4, 1887. 

1, 2, 3. Answers unnecessary. 

4. Bridge is subject of the infinitive to he broken, and is in the objective case. 



5. Writing is a verb, etc., participle, object of preposition in, and in objective case 

Letters is the object of icriting, and in objective case. 

June 2, 1888. 

1. Complex declarativre sentence. Principal clause, Who hath not felt the softness of the hour 
sink on the heart. Subject, Who uuinoditied. Simple predicate, hath felt, moditied by 

adverbial element, no^ and by adverbial clause. When away. Hat it felt has for its 

object, softness sink . Sinkia modified by adverbial element, as dew (sinks) alona the Jiower. 
IFAfw, conjunctive adverb, or subordinate connective, connecting the clause which it begins 

f 

As, conjunctive adverb of manner, connecting its clause to sink. iSew, noun subject of 
sinks, understood. 

3. Because they are parts of all forms of the verb; as the present participle of the progressive 

form; the past participle of the passive voice and of the pres. pert., past perf. and fut. 
perf., indc, active voice. 

4. /i! is used as a jjersonal pronoun, as a subject of an impersonal verb, and to stand before a 

verb in the place of the subject, when that subject is an infinitive or a clause following the 
verb. Examples: He off ered me the book, and I took ?7. /drains. It is base to lie. It 
is true, that no man is perfect. There is used as an adverb of place, as an introductory ex- 
pletive. Example: The>'e was a great contest there. That is used as a relative pronoun, 
as a demonstrative, as a conjunction, and to introduce a clause used substantively. E.\am- 
ple of last use : That he should act thus is strange. 

6. The teacher told every boy to bring his books. New York is larger than any other city of the 

United States. 

181 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 
questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 
COKNELL UNIVERSITY. 

GRAMMAR. 

June 1, 1889. 

Senators! Conscious of a serious desire to deserve your approval, and aware that 
that would be secured only by constant devotion to your service, the Chair assumed 
with diffidence the great trust conferred Ijy your suffrage, which to-day, he relin- 
quishes with the profoundest gratitude for the honor of your resolution of commen- 
dation ; and declares that the Senate now stands adjourned, sine die. 

John J. Ingalls. 

The following questions refer to the above selection : 

j^OTES. — 1. In uamiug a clause, include only its unnioditied subject and unmodified predicate. 

2. Subordinate clauses include («) subject clauses; (A) objective clauses; (c) adjective clauses; 

{d ) adverbial clauses. 

3. The ierm j)hrase is applied onl}' to a preposition and its object. In naming a jdirase, give only 

the preposition and its unmoditied object. 

4. A modifier may be a word, phrase, or clause. 

5. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of that verb. 

6. Onlv eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles the and a forming a subdivision of 

adjectives, and participles being one of the modifications of verbs. 

7. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

1. Name all the clauses, classifying them as principal or subordinate. State what 

each subordinate clause modifies. 

2. What are the modifiers of («) desire ; (b) Chair ; {c) trust ? 
'6. Parse [a) only ; (h) and in the last line. 

4. Decline the personal pronouns found in the selection. 

5. What modes are found in the selection? Mention all verbs found in each mode. 

(Participles may or may not be classed as modes of the verb.) 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



June 4, 1887. 

1. Describe a ligament and explain its use. 

2. Describe a tendon and explain its use. 

3. With wluit bones does the humerus articulate? 

4. State the location and explain the use of the perspiratory glands. 

5. Which of the digestive fluids is most concerned in tlie digestion of lean meat? 

182 



State of New York. 

department of public ixstr uc tion. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

June 1, 1889. 

1. Principal clause, Chair assumed and declares. (By supplying the subject, tliere 
may be two principal clauses.) Subordinate clauses: The clause that that 
icould te secured modifies aware ; the clause which he relinquishes modifies trust; 
the clause that Senate stands adjourned, modifies declares. 

3. {a) Adjectives a and serious, and infinitive to deserve ; (h) the adjectives tlie, con- 
scious and aware ; (c) the adjectives the and cjreat, the participle conferred, and 
the clause which he relinquislies. 

3. (rt) On??/ modifies the adverbial phrase hy devotion, and is an adverb; (h) and 
connects the verbs assumed and declares, and is, therefore, a conjunction. 



Singular. 


Plural. 


Nominative, You. 


You. 


Possessive, Your. 


Your. 


Objective, You. 


You. 


Nominative, He. 


They. 


Possessive, His. 


Their. 


Objective, Him. 


Them, 


Indicative: Assumed, relinquishes, declares and stands. 




Potential : Would he secured. 




Infinitive : To deserve. 




Participial: Conferred diad adjourned. 





PHYSIOLOGY.— Answers. 



June 4, 1887. 

1. A ligament is a strong, unyielding, white band. Its use is to hold bones together 

at the joints. 

2. A tendon is a strong white band or chord. Its use is to attach a muscle to a 

bone, especially where the point of attachment is at some distance from the 
muscle or on the other side of a joint. 

3. Humerus articulates with scapula above and with radius below. 

4. The perspiratory glands are located in the cutis or true skin, and their function 

is to secrete the perspiration from the blood. 

5. The gastric juice. 

183 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

CORNELL ITNIVERSIY. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

June 2, 1888. 

1. What is the office of the lungs? How does expired air differ from inspired? 

2. (rt) Trace the circulation of the blood, beginning with the veins, ih) What, at 

various points, prevents Its backward flow? 

3. Describe (a) the junction and (?>) tlie structure of the bones of tlie skull, and re- 

mark on evidence of design in structure and union of the parts. 

4. Mention (a) three movements effected by involuntary muscles, {1>) one by muscles 

partially voluntary. 

5. Remark on wisdom shown in 4 (a). How does tlie eye adjust itself to a bright 

light, and how to a dim one? 

June 1, 1889. 

1. What are the main divisions of the spinal column? 

2. Give an example in human anatomy of a lever of each kind. 

3. What action must take place to enable a person to bend his arm at the elbow, at 

will? 

4. What is the most important muscle involved in breathing? 

5. Show the course of the blood in passing through the heart. 

184 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

CORN^ELL TTNIYERSITY. 

PHYSIOLOGY— Answers. 

Jime 2, 1888. 

1. To purify the blood and to supply it with oxygen. It contains carbonic acid, watery vapor 

aud waste particles of animal matter. 

2. (a) From the veins it goes in succession to the right auricle, right ventricle, by the pulmonary 

artery to the lungs, by the pulmonary veins to the left auricle, left ventricle, aorta, smaller 
arteries, capillaries, veins, etc. (b) The mitral and tricuspid valves of the heart, and 
numerous valves in the veins. 

3. (a) The bones of the skull are joined by irregular dovetailings, called sutures, by which the 

different parts are joined together almost as firmly as if they were one bone; and yet the 
sutures tend to prevent a fracture from extendmg. (b) The skull has a dome form," which 
gives great strength. The bones are composed of three plates, the outer extremely hard 
and tough, the middle one spongy so as not to convey the shock of blows to the brain, and 
the inner very hard and smooth. 

4. Pulsation of the heart, ordinary breathing, movements of the stomach in digestion, winking, 

contraction and dilatation of the iris, and in general all vital processes, (b) Breathing, 
winking. 

5. {a) Vital processes are independent of the will, that thej^ may not suffer from caprice, inat- 

tention or passion. Men would much oftener commit suicide, if they could paralyze the 
heart by an act of the will, (b) By contraction of the pupil, and by expansion of the pupil. 

June 1, 1889. 

1. Cervical, dorsal, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. The nervous energy is transmitted from the brain by the nerves to muscles of the 

arm, which thereby contract and draw the tendon attached to the bones of 
the arm. 

4. The diaphragm. 

5. The blood is returned from the general circulation to the right auricle, is forced 

thence to the right ventricle, by which it is driven throagh the pulmonary 
artery to the lungs, then back to the heart ; it then enters the left auricle, by 
that forced into the left ventricle, which again sends it into the general 
circulation. 

185 



State of New York. 

department of public ins th u c t i on. 

entrance examinations questions at 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

No AnsTvers Furnished. 

September 7, 1887. 

The work should be written out in full in the answers. 

Correct answers will receive five credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed 
as the answer approximates correctness. 

1. Express by Arabic and by Roman characters two million, twenty thousand, one 

hundred and nineteen. 

2. Express by words and by Arabic characters MLXDCCXLIV. 

3. Express by words 290902029092209. 

4. What is the least number that will exactly contain 48, 20, 21 and 24? 

5. What is the greatest number that will exactly divide 505, 703, and 4343? 

G. Perform the operations indicated by signs in the following: 

•3* + 2^^, 3| - 2^j, 3| X 2/^, 3f - 2-,\. 

7. If A. and B. can mow a field in seven days, and A., B. and C. mow it in five 

days for $25, what ought C. to receive? 

8. Give tlie tables for avoirdupois weight and for square measure. 

9. If it is 1 h. and 30 m. p. m. at Louisville, longitude 85°, 30' west, when it is 12 h. 

35 m. and 40 sec. at Mexico, what is the longitude of Mexico? 

10. Write three-eights of one-tenth decimally and reduce it to a simple decimal. 

11. Divide five-hundredths by five hundred, decimally. 

12. If a merchant buys cloth at 36 cents and sells at 40 cents what is the ratio of 

his gain? If lie sells at 40 cents and loses four cents, what is the ratio of his 
loss? 

13. What is the rate of interest in this State, and what does the expression mean? 

What is usury, and what is the penalty in this State? 

14. What rate per cent is one-eighth, one-third, one-twelfth? 

15. What rate per cent of the whole should C. receive in the seventh example? 

16. What is the face of a note worth $5,679.45, with interest at 17 per cent? 

17. If a banker pay 101| per cent, for five per cent bonds due in one year, what 

rate of interest will he receive? 

18. With five bushels of wheat at 80 cents per bushel and five bushels of rye at 60 

cents per bushel, how many bushels of oats must be added to make a mixture 
worth 50 cents per bushel? 

19. What is the square root of 389,017? 

20. What is the cube root of 389,017? 

February 1, 1888. 

The work should be written out in full in the answers. 

Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed 
as the answer approximates correctness. 

1. Exjn-ess in words: (^0 3050050813; (h) 50002.0004; (f) $10103043.5075; {d) 103.75 

per cent; (e) MDCCCLXXXVIII. 

2. Find the sum of all the prime numbers to 50. 

186 



State of New York. 

depa r tment of p ublic ins t li uction. 

entrance examinations questions at 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

No Answers Furnislieil. 

February 1, 1888. 

3. To f of a score add i of a dozen, and from the sum substract f of a hundred. 

What is the remainder? 

4. Two frigates, with different numbers of guns, fire the same number of rounds; 

the one fires 608 and the other 1,102 shots. How many guns lias each? 

5. What must be the length of a load of wood that is four feet wide and five and 

one-tliird feet high, to contain two cords? 

6. A board 16 feet long is 23 inches wide at one end and tapers to a point, what is 

its value at 4i cents a square foot? 

7. Bought a hogshead of molasses, containing 128 gallons, at 65 cents a gallon; 

paid 80 cents for cartage, and lost 16 gallons by leakage. At what price per 
gallon must the remainder be sold to gain one- fifth of the entire cost? 

8. Sold 50 sofas for |2,250. Sold 25 at a gain of 20 per cent, and 25 at a loss of 20 

per cent. What was the gain or loss on the transaction? 

9. Bought a number of eggs and sold 11 of them for what 18 cost me. What was 

my gain per cent? 

10. A bookseller wishes to mark up the price of a book which he is now selling for 
$2, so that he can deduct 15 per cent and yet receive the present price. What 
must be the market price? 

September, 1888. 

The work should be written out in full in the answers. 

Correct answers will receive teu credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed 
as the answer approximates correctness or shows knowledge of principles. 

In order to secure admission, candidates must gain an average of seventy credits in the three 
branches and not fall below sixty credits in any one of them. 

1. Find the least common multiple of 24, 44, 65, 100. 

2. Exfiress in Arabic and also in Roman notation five million and fifty-three, 

3. What is the difference between .75 divided by 75 and 75 divided by .75? 

4. A pole extended into the mud 5f feet; i of its length was in the river and \ of 

it in the air; what was the length ot the pole? 

5. Find the exact amount of $68 from March 13 to .June 15, 1888, interest 6 per 

cent per annum. 

6. How many acres in a field 210 ch. long and 50 ch. wide? 

7. How many bbls. will a cistern hold whose depth is 7 ft., length 8 ft., width 5 ft.? 

8. It took 9 horses to move a stick of timber weighing 12,590 lbs. How many 

pounds would a stick weigh which could be moved by 7 horses? Solve by 
proportion. 

9. Mr. A. sold a horse for $275, which was 5 per cent less than he asked for it, and 

his asking price was 5 per cent more than the horse cost him; what was the 
cost of the horse? 

10. Find the square root of 60.516. 

187 



State of New York. 
department of public instruct ion. 
entrance examination questions at 
STATE I^ORMAL SCHOOLS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

No Answers Furnislied. 

February, 1889. 

The work sliould be written out in full in the answers. 

Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed 
as the answer approximates correctness or shows knowledge of principles. 

In order to secure admission, candidates must gain an average of seventy credits in the three 
branches and not fall below sixty credits in any one of them. 

1. Express in words («) 3540100000; {h) 3.141592; (c) 106.5 per cent. Write in 

Arabic numerals one hundred three per cent. Write in Roman numerals 1889. 

2. Add the fraction one hundred eighty-seven two hundred twenty-firsts to tlie 

fraction four hundred thirty-seven two hundred forty-sevenths, first reducing 
them to fractions having a least common denominator. 

3. A man purchased a rectangular field 18 rods wide, containing 10 acres 146 

square rods of land. The land cost him $80 per acre, and he surrounded it 
by a fence costing 80 cents per rod. IIow much did the land cost, and how 
much the fence? 

4. A farmer has a bin 7 feet long, 5 feet wide and 4 feet deep, which holds 112 

bushels of corn. How deep must be made another wliich is 20 feet long and 
9 feet wide, so that it may hold 864 bushels? 

5. 20.0265 per cent of the air (by volume) is oxygen. How many cubic feet of 

oxygen in a school room 12 feet wide, 18 feet 2.75 inches long, and 8 feet 
high? 

6. By selling a carriage for $117 a dealer lost 10 per cent of its cost. For liow 

much should lie have sold it to gain 10 per cent of its cost? 

7. On a bond and mortgage securing $500, dated January 1, 1887, and bearing the 

legal rate of interest in this State, tlie following payments have been made: 
July 1, 1887, $100; January 1, 1889, $10. How much is still due Februarv 1, 
1889? 

8. Which pays the better as an investment, a per cent mortgage, or Western Union 

Telegraph stock which pays 5 percent per annum, and can be bought (includ- 
ing brokerage) for 83.25 per cent of its par value? 

9. A 90 day note for $650 is discounted at a bank on the day of its date. 

Allowing the usual days of grace, what is the discount I 

10. Extract the square root of 201.64. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

No Answers Furnished. 



September 7, 1887. 

Correct answers will receive four credits each and :i proportionately less number will be allowed 
as the answer apjiroximates correctness. 

1. Define equator, tropic, ecliptic. 

2. Define latitude and longitude. Name two places which have no latitude. Wliat 

is the prime meridian? 

3. Name all the causes of the regular change of seasons. 

188 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 
entrance examination questions at 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

No Answers Furnished. 

September 7, 1887. 

4. What is the province of physical geography? 

5. What are the principal causes of climatic differences? 

6. What are ocean currents? Describe one of the most important. 

7. How is rain caused? 

8. Define and give example of water-shed, delta, estuary, cauou. 

9. Name the largest river of each of the grand divisions; give its general direction 

and tell into what body of water it liows. 

10. Define and give example of mountain, volcano, plateau, plain, valley, promontory. 

11. Name the principal mountain range in each of the grand divisions and one of its 

loftiest peaks. 

12. What IS the latitude of New York city? 

13. What States are adjacent to Pennsylvania? 

14. What are the natural boundaries of Illinois? 

15. How does the climate of the Pacific States differ from that of the Atlantic States 

in the same latitude? Explain the difference. 

16. Locate five of the most important cities of the United States. 

17. In wliat does the natural wealth of the United States consist? 

18. Locate the most important city in each of the following countries: England, 

France, Austria, Germany, Turkey. Russia, Japan, Brazil. 

19. What are the characteristics of the Mongolian race? 

20. Which grand division has the longest coast-line in proportion to its area? What 

are the advantages of such a coast-line? 

21. What are the principal grain-producing regions of the world? 

22. Locate Dresden, Halifax, Belfast, Borneo, Tasmania, Sicily, Java, Canton, Cal- 

cutta. 

23. Locate Lakes Geneva, Thun, Baikal, Wetter, George, Titicaca, Pontchartrain, 

Killarney . 

24. What are the principal forms of government in civilized nations? 

25. Which form predominates in Asia? in Europe? in South America? 

February 1, 1888. 

Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed 
as the answer approximates correctness. 

1. What causes produce the changes of seasons? 

2. State clearly the uses of the parallels and meridians. 

3. What determines the positions of the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer? 

4. What is a water-shed, a delta, an isthmus, a strait, a plateau? Give an example 

of each as seen on the earth's surface. 

5. Pass by water from Dulutli, ^linn., to Quebec, naming each body of water 

traveled over. 

189 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRV CTION. 
ENTRANCE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS AT 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
GEOGRAPHY. 

No Answers Kuriiisliecl. 

February 1, 1888. 

6. What is the advantage of the Suez canal? 

7. Name three peninsulas of southern Europe and the three corresponding ones of 

southern Asia. 

8. Why are there no long rivers on the Pacific coast of South America? 

9. Is the word up correctly used in speaking of the direction north ? Give reasons 

for your answer. 

10. What and Avhere are the following: Liberia, Alaska, Bermuda, Calcutta, Crimea, 
Baltic, Marseilles. 

September, 1888. 

1. Which is the longer, the equator or a meridian circle? 

2. Name the zones; tell their boundaries, and describe the general character of 

climate in each. 

3. Give two proofs that the earth is round. 

4. Tell the important things yon know about Egypt and the river Nile. 

5. Describe the principal river .systems of the United States. 

G. Name all the seas on the cast coast of Asia, beginning on the north. 

7. Name the States bordering on the left bank of the Mississippi river, and give the 

capital of each. 
3. Locate four great plains. 
9. Going from Buffalo to New York city by the Central railroad, through what 

cities would you pass? 
10. Name three capes on the coast of Europe. 

February, 1889. 

1. Trace the waters of Lake Superior to the sea. 

2. Name the largest five cities of the United States. 

3. Name and locate the three leading commercial cities of the world. 

4. Locate the Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines, Carpathian and Caucasian mountains. 

5. Describe the largest river of Europe. 

6. What are the three leading political powers of Europe? 

7. Which is the most populous country in Asia? Name its three principal cities, 

8. Which is the most progressive country of Asia? Reasons for answer. 

9. Describe the ^Mississippi river, naming its chief tributaries from east and west. 

10. Describe the course of the Gulf stream, and state its effect upon the climate of 

Europe. 

190 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
ENTRANCE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS AT 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
GRAMMAR. 

No Answers I'uniislied. 

September 7, 1887. 

Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be 
allowed as answers approximate correctness. 

Selection. — (1) " In those happy days, a well-regulated family always rose witli 
the dawn, dined at eleven, went to bed at sundown. (2) Dinner was inva- 
riably a private meal; and the fat old burghers sliowed incontestable symptons 
of disapprobation and uneasiness at being surprised by a visit from a neighbor 
on such occasions. (3) But, though our worthy ancestors were thus singularly 
averse to giving dinners, they kept up the social bonds of intimacy by occa- 
sional banquetings called tea-parties." 

1. Tell the kinds of nouns in the above selection, and the case of each noun, and 

the word that governs it. 

2. Write the word famil>/ in the plural form, and the word ancestors in the possessive 

case. 

3. Give the adjectives in the selection, with the word to which each adjective 

belongs; and compare all that can properly be compared. 

4. Decline the j^ronouns I, thou, he, she, it, who. 

5. Give the principal parts of the irregular verbs in the selection, and give the first 

verb in the potential mode, present perfect tense ; and give the third person 
singular of the verb ie in all the modes and tenses. 

6. Tell whicli words are conjunctions and which are prepositions. 

7. Tell what kind of phrases are used in the selection, and which are adjective in 

value, and which are adverbial. 

8. Mention all the adverbs given, and compare those that can properly be compared. 

9. Are sentences (1) and (2) simple, compound or complex? 
10. Analyze the third sentence by any method you prefer. 
February 1, 1888. 

1. At last Mr Peters called hini. 

2. Helens brother remarked Ive done ray best. 

3. O what a noise you make in my house. 

4. Mr Lobster what are yon doing. 

5. My fatlier discouraged me by ridiculing my performances and telling me that 

verse makers were generally beggars. 

I. Punctuate each sentence correctly. Name and give the rule for tlie use of 
each punctuation mark. 

II. Give the reason for the use of each capital letter. 

III. iMark each simple subject and predicate in sentences 1, 4 and 5. 

IV. Give the case of each noun in these sentences. 

V. Name and give the definition of each part of speech in sentence 5. 

VI. Give the principal parts of each verb in tiiese sentences. 

VII. Define the word him in sentence 1, and In-other in sentence 2. 
VIII. Give the use of each phrase in these sentences. 

IX. Parse the word called in sentence 1, and the word father in sentence 5. 

X. "Write a composition, of not less than fifty words, on some recent journey you 
have taken. 

191 



State of New York. 

D EPA R TMEN T OF P UBL I V 1X8 TltUC TION. 
ENTRANCE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS AT 

STATE NOKMAL SCHOOLS. 
GRAMMAR. 

No Answers Furnished. 

September, 1888. 

1. What are the properties of nouns? of verbs? 
3. Decline who, he, I, sister. 

3. Write a sentence containing an objective clause. 

4. When are the forms mine, theirs and thine used? 

5. Write the plural of fly, girl, Miss .Tones, son-in-law, money, child, basis, focus, 

t, 8. 

6. Write the past tense and past participle of do, hear, learn, teach, see, sit, lie, lay 

set, choose. 

7. Give an example of a simple, a complex, and a compound sentence. 

8. Write the following sentences with the errors corrected: 

Can you learn me to write? 

He was much effected by the news. 

Will I find you at home? 

Money is scarce, and times hard. 

I knew it was him. 

I called but you was not at home. 

Every one of the witnesses testify to the same thing. 

Them that seek wisdom shall find it. 

I bought this at Parker's and Miller's store. 

9. " Enraptured witli the beautiful scenery before him he determined to explore this 

strange, new country, which was worth more than the wealth of the Indies." 
Analyze the above sentence by any method, and parse enraptured, henutiful, 
ex2)lore, which. 

10. Write a composition, of a hundred words or more, on one of the following subjects : 
(1). An account of an excursion and picnic. 

(2). A description of a school-room (speak of its excellencies and its defects). 
Give attention to jiunctuation and capitalization, as well as to the language 
employed. 

February, 1889. 

Selection. — (1) "The Northmen were people in whom Americans have much 
reason for feeling interested." (2) "They were one of the finest and strong- 
est races of men ever known in the world, and they were the ancestors of most 
of us." (3) I shall write you a letter to-morrow. 

1. What is a common noun? 

2. Mention the proper nouns in the above selections, and tell why you think they 

arc proper nouns. 

3. Mention the pronouns in the selections, and tell to what class of pronouns they 

belong. 

4. Give the case of each noun and pronoun in the selections. 

5. Compare the adjectives in the selections, which admit of comparison. 
G. What is an auxiliary verb? 

7. Give the tense of each verb in the selections. 

8. Give the principal parts of each verb in the selections. 

9. Decline the pronouns in the selections. 
10. Parse you and letter in sentence (3). 

192 



I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




